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Методические подходы к анализу финансового состояния предприятия

Проблема периодизации русской литературы ХХ века. Краткая характеристика второй половины ХХ века

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Служебные части речи. Предлог. Союз. Частицы

КАТЕГОРИИ:






Supplier and tel. no.






a £445                   Graphics based WP system with DTP features Lotus 0784 455445
b £420                   DDE compatible. Import/export of text and graphics NBI Ltd 0753 74118
c £615               Includes Windows Aldus (UK) Ltd 031 220 4747
d £695                   Adobe Type Manager included Aldus (UK) Ltd 031 220 4747
e £695                   Full 24-bit colour support Ventura Software 0753 550022

Task 13


Writing

Imagine that you are the product reviewer for a PC magazine. Decide which word-processing product in Table 1 is the best, then write a paragraph explaining your choice.


 


Task 14



Speaking

Work individually, then in pairs, using the information in the table on word processors in Task 1 1.

Individually, list the word-processing packages in order of merit (1 = best; 7 =

worst).

In pairs, compare your lists. Explain the reasons for the order you chose. Try to

persuade your partner to change his/her list to match yours.

You may use the space below to write your lists.

\> Useful expressions / aaree with you about, I'm afraid 1 can't aaree with you about... I think... I don't think... X is too expensive. Y has more/fewer features.



Word-play

Task 15 Complete the puzzle and find the key word in 11 down.


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                           
                         
                       
                         
               
                         
                         
                       
                     
                         
                       

Across

1 A program designed to perform a specific function.(11)

2 A general term for programs which do not form part of a computer but are
used when operating it. (8)

3 A facility which allows the user to read in a file of names and create
'personalized' letters. (4,5)

4 A sequence of instructions that is repeated until a desired condition is
reached. (4)

5 A program that manipulates rows and columns of figures, used especially for
accounting. (11)

6 The combined use on computer of text, graphics, video, animation, and
sound. (10)

7 The_____ editor is a systems program that fetches required systems routines

and links them to the object module. (7)

8 The business of preparing, printing, and distributing books or magazines, etc.
to the public. (10)

9 Someone who creates new software products. (9)

10 A program or series of programs directed at some generic application (e.g. word processing) that can be tailored by the user to match his individual needs. (7)



Down

An IBM-. (10)


. computer is one which can be used'with other IBM hardware.




Language focus E

Making comparisons

Formation

The regular comparative and superlative forms of descriptive words (adjectives and adverbs) are shown below:

1 Words of one syllable add the ending -er and -est.

Examples:

 

  Absolute Comparative Superlative
Adjectives Adverbs new old big soon late newer older bigger sooner later newest oldest biggest soonest latest
Words withExamples: three or more syllables are preceded by more and most
  Absolute Comparative Superlative
Adjectives' Adverbs interesting convenient beautiful easily carefully more interesting more convenient more beautiful more easily more carefully most interesting most convenient most beautiful most easily most carefully

Adjectives with two syllables may be like ] or 2 above in that they will add the ending -er and -est if they end in -y or -ly, -ow, -le and -er.

Examples:

 

  Absolute Comparative Superlative
-y tiny tinier tiniest
  speedy speedier speediest
-Iv early earlier earliest
  friendly friendlier friendliest
-ow shallow shallower shallowest
  narrow narrower narrowest
-er clever cleverer cleverest

Most of the remaining two-syllable adjectives take more and most in front of them.

Examples:

 

Absolute Comparative Superlative
careful more careful most careful
careless more careless most careless
boring more boring most boring
awful more awful most awful
complex more complex most complex

S Some common two-syllabic adjectives can have either type of formation.

Examples:

 

Absolute Comparative Superlative
common commoner/ commonest/
  more common most common
gentle gentler/ gentlest
  more gentle most gentle
quiet quieter/ quietest/
  more quiet most quiet

6 Two-syllable adverbs ending in -ly take more and most.

Examples:


Absolute

quickly

slowly

badly


Comparative

more quickly more slowly more badly


Superlative

most quickly most slowly most badly


A small number of adjectives and adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative form.

Examples:


Adjectives

Adverbs


Absolute

bad far good many

badly

far

little

much

well


 

Comparative Superlative
wor"se worst
further/farther furthest/farthest
better best
more most
worse worst
further/farther furthest/farthest
less least
more most
better best

62


Use in sentences

Comparisons may show equivalence, non-equivalence, the highest degree of something, and parallel increase.

Equivalence: the following words or constructions are used to show that things or people are similar in some way.

 

as... as   are similar each
as many... as equal to either
as much... as is like all
the same... as similar/ly hoth
similar to   equal/ly alike
the same   compared to/with  

Examples:

1 Here, the term 'processor* is equivalent to the central processing unit.

2 Uiptops are as powerful as microcomputers.

3 Some companies have as many computers as employees.

4 Some companies use both disks and conventional filing systems for storing
data.

5 A computer virus is like a virus in the human body. It can do a lot of damage.

6 Many word-processing programs are similar in that they share certain
common functions.

Non-equivalence: the following words and constructions are used to compare or contrast things or people that are separate from each other.

 

not as... as greater than   unequal(ly)
...-C r than not as many... as unlike
mot e... than not as much... as not the same as
lew it... than not equal to   not all
less ... than      

Examples:

1 A mainframe is larger and more expensive than a microcomputer.

2 learning to use a computer is not as difficult as learning to program.

3 A fax board costs less than a fax machine.

4 Unlike factory-sealed software, pirated versions may contain viruses.

5 Desktop publishing is the same as electronic publishing.

6 You can save money with a network because you will need fewer printers.

3 The highest degree: the following words and cr— vuctions are used to compare one member of a group with the whole group (superlative).


the...-est


the most...


the least...


 


Examples:

1 This is the most popular package on the market today.

2 BASIC is probably the least difficult programming language to learn.

3 The best programs are those adapted specifically to your own needs.



Parallel increase: the following words and constructions are used to show parallel increase (two comparatives).

the...-er, the more... the more.... the...-er the...-er, the less...


Exercise 1

Exercise 2


Examples:

1 The more memory your computer has, the more data it can store.

2 The bigger your computer system, the less time you spend waiting.

3 The more training you give to your employees, the better they will perform.

The following sentences express computer capabilities and limitations. Decide whether the sentences express equivalence, non-equivalence, or the superlative, then underline the words expressing the comparison. The first one has been done for you.

equivalence Speeds for performing decision-making operations are compa rable to those for arithmetic operations.

-------------------- Evcp the most sophisticated computer, no matter how good it is,

must be told what to do.

-------------------- A computer can perform similar operations thousands of times,

without becoming bored, tired, or careless.

-------------------- For example, modern computers can solve certain classes of

arithmetic problems millions of times faster than a skilled mathematician.

-------------------- One of the most important reasons why computers are used so

widely today is that almost every big problem can be solved by solving a number of little problems.

-------------------- Finally, a computer, unlike a human being, has no intuition.

Read the following sentences taken from previous units. Decide whether the sentences express equivalence, non-equivalence, or the superlative, then underline the words expressing the comparison.

-------------------- Digital Research have continued to develop their operating

system, DR/DOS, and it is considered by many people to be a better product than Microsoft's. (Unit 1)

-------------------- For the last generation, Silicon Valley and Tokyo have been

working to design computers that are ever easier to use. (Unit 2)

------------------- There is one thing, however, that has prevented the machines

from becoming their user-friendliest:... (Unit 2)

----------------- Clipboard PCs - which, as their name suggests, are not much

bigger than an actual clipboard - replace the keyboard with a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen and an electronic stylus. (Unit 2)

----------------- ~ When the computer finds the closest match, it encodes the

character in memory and displays it on the screen as if it had been typed. (Unit 2)

------------------- There are a handful of clipboard computers now on the market,

including GRIDPad, which is sold in the US; Penvision, manufactured by NCR and sold around the world; and Sony's Palmtop and Canon's Al Note, both sold only in Japan. (Unit 2)

------------------- I'm frequently asked which online service is 'best' but, the

answer is, there is no best. (Unit 3)


64


8 _-___________ They tend to judge all other online services based on this first

service - often preventing themselves from seeing the advantages of a specific service. (Unit 3)

9_____________ Each offers one or more products or features that either do not

exist elsewhere or are superior to the same features on other services. (Unit 3)

10_____________ Judge it based on what it offers and how it meets your needs -

not in comparison to what you're used to using. (Unit 3)

Exercise 3 Refer back to the table of word-processing packages (Unit 5, page 58) and write

ten sentences comparing the products advertised.

Examples:

Upword is more expensive than JustWrite.

Ami Pro 2.0 has the largest spell check dictionary.




 


Computer networks



 


'There! That should make life easier!'


Taski


2 3


Start-up

Try to answer these questions.

What is a LAN?

What is a WAN?

What is a distributed system?


 


Task 2


Reading

Before reading the text opposite, match these words and phrases with their definitions.


 


1 protocol

2 bulletin board

3 user interface

4 make a query

5 parse

6 synchronous


a analyse the syntax of a string of input symbols b a teleconferencing system allowing users to read

messages left by other users c agreement governing the procedures used to

exchange information between co-operating

computers d means of communication between a human user and

a computer system e taking place at exactly the same time as something

else f request a search


 


ilk



Task 3 Read quickly through the text below, then match each paragraph with the
appropriate summary.

a LJ Network uses, past and present

b LJ How distributed systems work

c LJ Networks and the future

d LJ What networks are and how they operate

e LJ The growth of networks, past and present



Computer networks






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