Ex. 1: Translate the sentences using functional replacement where necessary, comment on your choice. What lexico-semantic changes are necessary due to these replacements?

1. То protect the Constitution from hasty alteration, Article V stipulated that amendments to the Constitution be proposed either by two-thirds of both houses of Congress or by two-thirds of the states, meeting in convention.

2. Americans today think of the War for Independence as a revolution, but in important respects it was also a civil war.

3. Although Cornwall's defeat did not immediately end the war -- which would drag on inconclusively for almost two more years -- a new British government decided to pursue peace negotiations in Paris in early 1782, with the American side represented by Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and John Jay.

4. Inevitably, too, that westward expansion of the European colonists brought them into conflict with the original inhabitants of the land: the Indians.

5. The Sioux of the Northern Plains and the Apache of the Southwest provided the most significant opposition to frontier advance.

6. Government policy ever since the Monroe administration had been to move the Indians beyond the reach of the white frontier.

7. The voices of anti-imperialism from diverse coalitions of Northern Democrats and reform-minded Republicans remained loud and constant.

8. 'I'm dead serious about those other guys,' he continued grimly.

9. Having overseas possessions was a new experience for the United States.

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