From the History of Ale. Ale is a type of beer brewed from malted barley with using top-fermenting yeast

Ale is a type of beer brewed from malted barley with using top-fermenting yeast. These yeast ferment the beer quickly, giving it a sweet, full-bodied and fruity taste. Initially, the word ‘ale’ was used for

drinks produced by fermentation without hops. Ale was typically bittered with gruit, a mixture of herbs and spices which was boiled

in the wort instead of hops. In the medieval world ale was considered as

an important source of nutrition along with bread.

When in XV century hops appeared in England, drinks brewed with hops got the name ‘beer’. Brewers started adding hops in the ale as

a bitter agent. Nowadays ‘ale’ as a term is used to indicate the type of yeast for brewing.

Modern ale is fermented at temperatures from 15 to 24 C. At this temperature yeast work as a flavouring agent and enrich the beer adding

fruity flavours to the drink (of apple, pear, pineapple, banana, plum or

prune). There are different sorts of ale: Brown ale, Pale ale, Scotch ale,

Mild ale, Old ale and others. Also there is a variety of beer in England.

Bitter is a sort of well-hopped dark beer, Larger is light beer. Also it is classified by its strength: best, special, extra, premium etc. In English pubs beer is ordered by pints (a little more then half a litre) or halves

(half a pint).

Vocabulary

brew (v) варить пиво

malt солод

barley ячмень

top-fermenting верховое брожение

hops (pl.) ячмень

yeast (pl.) дрожжи

wort сусло

pint пинта

1. What ingredients were used initially in the ale production?

2. Why ale was considered as an every day drink in the medieval time?

3. When did hops appear in England? How did that fact reflect on

the drink production?

Exercise 3.11. Open the brackets and complete the stages of producing the beer, called Guinness. Use the passive forms of the verbs:

1. First of all, the barley 1) … (grind) in the grist mill.

2. The grist 2) … (feed) along a pipe and then 3) … (mix) with hot

water.

3. This thick mixture then goes into a kieve, where a dark sweet liquid

4) … (produce), called the wort.

4. Then, hops 5) … (add) to the wort in the large kettle. Everything

6) …(boil) for 90 minutes before it 7) … (strain) into three cylinders.

5. Next, the yeast 8) … (add) and the mixture 9) … (ferment). Finally,

the yeast 10) … (remove) and the Guinness 11) … (mature) in the

tanks for about 10 days before it 12) … (pump) into tankers or kegs.

Exercise 3.12. Look through the information on soft drinks. What have you learnt from the text?

A soft drink (widely referred to as pop, or soda pop) is a drink that contains no alcohol but usually referred to as a sugary drinks. Soft drinks are often carbonated and commonly consumed cold or slightly warm. The most common soft drinks are cola, flavoured water, sparkling water, iced tea, sweet tea, sparkling lemonade (or other lemon-lime sodas), squash, fruit punch, orange soda, grape soda, cream soda, ginger

ale. The term ‘soft’ is opposite the word ‘hard’, i.e. alcoholic drinks.

It also means that the drink doesn’t contain milk or other dairy products.

Hot chocolate, hot tea, coffee, juice and milkshakes do not fall into this classification.

Exercise 3.13. Most bars serve cocktails. What cocktails do you know? What’s contained in them? Complete the instructions of Margarita using the verbs:

add pour(3) squeeze take shake put garnish

1. First, … a cocktail shaker and fill it with crushed ice.

2. Next, … in one measure of tequila.

3. Then … in quarter measure of triple sec.

4. Then … some fresh lemon juice into the shaker.

5. Then … a dash of lime juice.

6. … well, to mix and chill the liquids.

7. Then … some ice cubes into a salt-rimmed glass.

8. Finally, … the Margarita into the glass and serve.

9. … with a slice of lime.

Exercise 3.14. Daiquiri and Manhattan are two alcohol-containing cocktails. Daiquiri includes rum and lemon juice. Mark D or M for the ingredients:

- ice - large glass

- lemon juice - Angostura bitter

- crushed ice - sweet vermouth

- cherry - cocktail glass

- Canadian whisky - slice of lemon

- caster sugar - light rum

- slice of lemon - cocktail glass

- cocktail shaker

Exercise 3.15. Use the words in exercise 3.13. to complete the instructions for each cocktail:

Daiquiri

First, take the 1)… … and fill it with 2) … …. After that, add three

measure of 3)… …, one measure of 4)… … and a teaspoon of 5)…

…. Then shake well and strain into a 6)… …. Finally, garnish with a

7)… … … and that’s it.

Manhattan

Half fill a large glass with 8)…, then add one and a half measure of

9)… … and three quarters of a measure of 10)… …. Then add a dash

of 11)… …. Stir it well and strain into a 12)… …. Finally, add a 13)…

… … and garnish with a 14)….

Exercise 3.16. Among hot drinks coffee occupies one of the first places. The text below represents some versions of coffee drinks. Study the text and answer the questions after it:

Espresso is a concentrated coffee beverage brewed by forcing hot water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans. It has thicker consistence and higher concentration than the one prepared by other methods. For this reason, Espresso is the base for other drinks, such as

Cappuccino, Macchiato, Mocha, Latte.

Cappuccino is an Italian coffee drink prepared with Espresso, hot milk

and a steamed milk foam. The foam may have cocoa powder or nutmeg

powder sprinkled on it.

Coffee Latte is a type of coffee drink made with hot milk. It is claimed to have been invented as a Cappuccino with more milk, to suit American tastes. A Cappuccino features a distinctive layer of a foam on the top, which is less or absent in Lattes.

Americano is a drink prepared by adding hot water to Espresso. The strength of an Americano varies with the number of shots of Espresso and the amount of water added.

Coffee Mocha is a variant of coffee Latte. It usually contains one third

of Espresso, two thirds of steamed milk, and some sweet cocoa powder

or chocolate syrup. Mochas can contain dark or milk chocolate.

What is your favourite coffee drink?

Where is the best coffee served (in your taste)?

Exercise 3.17. Answer the following questions:

1. Prepare a report on classification of wines and their matching with

dishes.

2. Make up a report on ale and beer, including their ingredients and

the history of creation.

3. What drinks are included in the category of soft drinks?

4. Find some information about non-alcoholic and alcoholic cocktails.

Write down a receipt of both types and present them to your group.

5. Prepare a report on coffee drinks including the ways of their brewing.

6. Find some information about hot drinks except coffee ones and

present to your group.

VOCABULARY

barley a sort of grain for beer

brew to make beer, tea, coffee

carafe a glass container with a wide neck for wine and water

dispense (v) to give something to people, especially in fixed amounts

fermentation a process in which the sugar in beer or wine changes

to alcohol because of the action of yeast

foam a mass of small bubbles on the surface of something,

such as the sea or coffee

in bulk (adv) to buy large amounts of goods

liquor a strong alcoholic drink, such as whisky

liqueur a sweet and very strong alcoholic drink, drunk after a

meal

mark-up (v) to increase the price of something, so that to sell it for

more

than it was paid for

malt grain, usually barley, that has been kept in water for a

time

and then dried, used for making beer, whisky etc

pint a unit for measuring an amount of liquid (especially

beer contains 20 ounces)

profit margin the difference between what a business pays for

something and what they sell it for

proof the standard strength of some kinds of alcoholic drink

storage the act of keeping something in a special place while

it is not being used

vineyard a place where grapes are grown

vintage a particular year in which a wine is made

yeast a substance used for producing alcohol in beer, wine and

for making bread rise

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