CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT PALATE

Cleft lip should be repaired as soon as possible after birth. As to cleft palate repair, opinion is different. Some specialists prefer to operate when the child is eight or ten months old; others prefer to wait until the child is eighteen or twenty-four months of age. As a rule, more than one operation is required to close the cleft completely. Real speech re-education cannot begin until surgical repair has been completed. In cases where surgical repair must be delayed it is desirable, that the child receive phonetic instruction. But first of all the teacher must consult the clinical center regarding the patient.

The child must, first of all, learn to direct the air stream through the mouth, instead of through the nose as hаs been his habit. This ability is a prerequisite to nor­mal sound production. Teaching the consonant sounds to cleft palate children is often more difficult than teaching them to children with articulatory defects, resulting from other causes. Cleft-palate children frequently have little con­ception of how to use the tongue. In as much as the consonant sounds are essential to the intelligibility of speech it is usually wise to teach consonants first even though the vowels are still nasalized.

T E R M S

cleft lip расщелина губы /заячья губа/

cleft palate расщелина нёба /волчья пасть/

speech reeducation речевая коррекционно-восстановительная работа

surgical repair хирургическое восстановление

air stream поток воздуха

intelligibility of speech осмысление речи

consonants согласные

vowels гласные

SPEECH THERAPY

Speech correction or improvement or therapy are terms used to define the specific instruction which should be pro­vided for the deaf and h.o.h. who have developed basic speech and language patterns but have not perfected the best speech they are capable of producing.

The speech therapist tries to locate the error within the word in: 1) initial, 2) medial or 3) final (terminal) positions.

Tiger kitten net

He must find the error in terms of substitution, omission, distortion.

The рroblem of enunciation involves the good usage of sounds that go to make up words and continue to keep their ringing qualities. The vowels must be full and clear.

Sentences should be made up largely of visible articulatory movements. Sentences should be of moderate length.

The speech correctionist must have a knowledge and understanding of classroom teaching methods and correlate it with the total рrogramme.

It is well known that children vary in their manner of learning. One child lеаrns more еasily through auditory stimulation, while another mау respond better to visual and still another to kinesthetic stimulation.

Children learn to correct speech errors through anyone or combination of these types of learning.

Some children, particularly the deaf and the hard of hearing need to watch the mоvеments involved in the production ofa sound and at the same time get the “feel” of it, the vibration, and pressure felt bythe hand when it is placed upon the jaw, the throat, or thelips of the teacher.

The kinesthetic methods of speech correction are used bу sоmе teachers for all kinds of articulatory disorders.

The basic principle of the “moto-kinesthetic” method is the use of pressure, striking, touching and manual manipulation of speech organs.

The “moto-kinesthetic” method involves such technique by which оne learns to guide the muscles of the speech ap­paratus into accurate movements for the production of cor­rect sound. Each sound has its own characteristic movements which the teacher shows through the manipulation of the pupil’s speech mechanism.

A significant number of the school population should have speech correction services.

Each speech correctionist devises his own procedure for giving articulatory examination.

For the child, listening to the particular sound he is to correct is a part of the therapy technique. The child needs to be bombarded with the sound to hear it in as many different words and situations as possible. For example, if a child makes “k, g” incorrectly, pictures of “candy”, “gun”, “pig”, “gate”, “garden” may be shown.

With older children, the procedure is less of a game. If the older child makes “s” incorrectly, he may underline all the words containing “s” in a given paragraph.

In working with the schoolchild, the speech patholo­gist combines the more visible of the consonants p, b, m, s, r, f, v, sh, ch, th, w, and blend them with vowels.

T E R M S

speech therapy (correction, improvement) логопедия

h.o.h. сокр. от hard of hearing - слабослышащие

speech therapist (speech pathologist, speech correctionist) логопед

substitution замена

omission пропуск

distortion искажение

enunciation чёткое произношение

auditory stimulation слуховой стимулятор

visual stimulation зрительный стимулятор

kinesthetic stimulation кинестетический стимулятор

jaw челюсть.

throat горло

lips губы

articulatory disorders артикуляционные дефекты

to devise изобретать, придумывать

articulatory examination артикуляторное обследование

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