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Методические подходы к анализу финансового состояния предприятия

Проблема периодизации русской литературы ХХ века. Краткая характеристика второй половины ХХ века

Ценовые и неценовые факторы

Характеристика шлифовальных кругов и ее маркировка

Служебные части речи. Предлог. Союз. Частицы

КАТЕГОРИИ:

Cathedrals as Astronomical Instruments

⇐ Предыдущая 1 2 3 456 7 8 9 10 Следующая ⇒

After Van Helden

The story of the revolution in astronomy that Nicolas Copernicus began in 1543 is well known. Copernicus put the sun in the center of the planetary orbits. Kepler made the orbits into ellipses. Galileo discovered new things in the solar system in support of Copernicus. And Newton tied the new astronomy together with the new physics. Astronomy and cosmology were dangerous subjects in Italy after the trial (суд) of Galileo.

In the 15^th century, the humanist Paolo Toscanelli installed a short north-south line close to the altar of Florence’s great cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Near the summer solstice (солнцестояние), the sun’s image, projected through a hole in a window in the cathedral’s lantern (фонарь) 90 m above the floor, crosses the line. Toscanelli hoped to use this meridian to discover changes in the inclination (наклон) of Earth’s axis.

A century later, the cosmographer Ignatio Danti constructed a small meridian in Florence’s Santa Maria Novella and then a bigger one in Bologna’s San Petronio. This latter (последний) became the central instrument in the reform of precision astronomy during the 17^th century. The improved meridian of San Petronio became an instrument to solve practical astronomical problems. For instance, it could measure the sun’s diameter with sufficient accuracy to show that the Earth’s orbit needed to be halved from its traditional value.

Danti’s original aim had been to determine the length of the tropical year to aid in the correction of the calendar. Indeed, properly performed meridian lines were the most accurate position – measuring instruments. Their measurements were confirmed by transit theodolites late in the 18^th century.

Science, vol. 286, 1999.

Questions to be answered in writing:

1. Who and when began the revolution in astronomy?

2. What is the general concept of the revolution as presented by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton?

3. How was the first meridian constructed in a Florence’s great cathedral and what for?

4. What was the central instrument in the reform of precision astronomy during the 17^th century?

Вариант 4

Задание 1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно

a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола Present Simple,

b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или

c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. The mechanism includes stationary housing (муфта) and two moving parts.

2. Researchers can track the position of the fields on the sun’s surface.

3. These modifications reduce a total weight of the cars.

4. The National Gallery includes paintings from British, Spanish and French schools.

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. A baby mammoth was found in permafrost block in 1977.

2. That storm took place during the last peak of the sun’s activity cycle.

3. Machine tool makers in Taiwan may begin competing in world markets.

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. These steel sheets are as thin as 0,040 in (1mm).

2. The results were less severe than initially expected.

3. Compromise serves the interests of nature better than confrontation.

4. The more complex the system, the more robust the software must be.

5. The biggest highway project in the city was stopped.

6. Experience was as important as science in developing the steam turbine.

Задание 4. Перепишите предложения. Распознайте и выделите неопределенные местоимения или их производные. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Siemens sponsored some methodological research into physical science application.

2. No one knew how many bad tubes there were.

3. Not any firm (твердый) decisions have been taken yet.

4. Almost anyone used the Web for research and for communication via e-mail.

5. No explanation is provided anywhere.

Задание 5. Перепишите предложения. Выделите структуру there be. Обратите внимание на временную форму be. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Is there any great variability in properties of these regions?

2. There are three manufacturers of acoustic equipment in Sweden.

3. There will be more detailed information on volcano history from intensive geologic studies.

4. In the last decade there has been an increasing interest for financial support (поддержка) of the poor.

5. There was no delay.

Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, распознайте причастие I и II, определите функцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The people involved are not going to give up easily.

2. Five years ago, a group of Stanford University, demonstrated a data storage system based on holograms.

3. The International Telecommunication Satellite Organization has 14 operating satellites and a spacecraft launched last week.

4. The A-12 is a new aircraft program being reviewed by the Pentagon.

5. Additional Mirages and one Cheyenne 3A are being completed for delivery (доставка) this week.

6. Engineers wanted answers faster than workers could supply them using available technologies.

7. When looking at the events (события) of those years, you feel that the diplomats worked at one speed, while international politics changed much faster.

Задание 7. Перепишите предложения. Найдите в предложениях глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму в активном и пассивном залоге (Active Voice, Passive Voice).

1. The map will help engineers design safer buildings.

2. A time dependent relation (уравнение) has been proposed by Kapsner.

3. I developed some ideas of my own.

4. The accident was analyzed and problems fixed.

5. Many boys did not have a toy so memorable as an electric train.

6. Hawker is meeting with Japanese officials next month.

7. The oil engine quickly replaced the gas engine.

8. The bullet is also being acted upon by air pressure and by the temperature.

9. The participants of the Conference brought along the ideas and solutions that had been developed in their home environment.

10. The new aircraft will be delivered in October and put into service in November this year.

11. The new more accurate information is transmitted to users via two Earth stations in Italy and France.

12. Why do satellites break down in space when we have advanced technically so much?

Задание 8. Перепишите предложения. Выделите в каждом из них модальный глагол или эквивалент. Переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. This centre is to provide service for military aircraft.

2. These materials can preserve holograms for long periods.

3. This idea should be a component of all professional development programs.

4. Aerospace engineers will be able to solve many difficult aerodynamic problems.

5. A modified receiver is needed to avoid (избежать) interference from new radio stations.

6. Mitsubishi’s learning process must have included both scientific and technical aspects.

7. There may be an element of truth in these.

Задание 9.

Прочтите текст.

1. Найдите и переведите

- слова с окончанием -s/-’s,

- цепочки слов (левое определение),

- прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени и сравнительные

конструкции,

- структуру there be,

- модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

2. Выпишите, проанализируйте и переведите сказуемые (10).

3. Дайте ответы на поставленные вопросы (письменно).

Renewable Energy

(to renew – возобновлять; восстанавливать)

When you plug an electrical appliance (электроприбор) into the wall socket, do you know where the electricity comes from? Probably, from the local power company. But how does the company generate the electricity you use at home? Like most power companies, it produces electrical power by burning fossil fuels (минеральное топливо) – coal, natural gas, or oil – to make steam, which turns turbines to generate electricity at the power plant. To take one example of dependence on these three types of fossil fuel, in the United States, 88 % (per cent) of all the electricity generated come from coal, natural gas, and oil. They are non-renewable fuels, originating from organic matter of the late Paleozoic Era (several hundred million years ago). As most scientists estimate, they will run out (заканчиваться) during this century. When coal, natural gas and oil supplies are depleted, how will people see at night? What will power their cars, airplanes, buses and trains? What will provide electricity for their computers and factories?

Fortunately, there are renewable, alternative sources of energy for electricity and transportation that have well-developed technology. There are six sources of energy as alternative to non-renewable fossil fuels:

· solar (energy from the sun’s rays),

· wind (energy from moving air),

· geothermal (energy from heat inside the earth),

· modern biomass (energy from plant and animal residue (органические отходы),

· ocean (energy from seawater movement and temperature changes),

· small hydroelectric (energy from small dams, such as those filled by melting

snow).

After Kent S. Markle

- Forum, 2002, vol. 40, № 4, р. 47-48.

Questions to be answered in writing:

1. How is electricity generated?

2. What kind of fuel does the humanity (человечество) depend on in its civilization?

3. What are non-renewable fuels and what is their origin?

4. What are renewable energy sources?

Вариант 5

a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола Present Simple,

b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или

c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. If the vibrations are chaotic, prediction becomes impossible.

2. Economic system reflects a nation’s environmental resources.

3. The Government analyzes the performance of the country’s economy.

4. The company’s numerous errors contributed (способствовать) to the cable’s malfunction (дисфункция).

1. Most class A inclusions contain diamonds.

2. Low-energy electron impact (воздействие) can ionize atoms and molecules.

3. The Channel Tunnel high-speed railway link makes it possible to travel from London to Paris in under three hours.

1. The most interesting data come out of the school investigation of the project.

2. It is the best specimen (образец) that we have ever seen.

3. Taiwan has the lowest foreign debt.

4. Smaller aircraft will be less profitable for manufacturers.

5. The lighter is the bullet, the lower tends it to fire.

6. Old “high wheeler” bicycles were almost as tall as riders.

1. Our studio was quite good when no one was talking outside and no doors were banging (to bang – хлопать).

2. Particles from space can disrupt some radio communication.

3. You cannot say anything about the system.

4. This indicates our competitiveness (конкурентоспособность) anywhere in the world.

5. This book is oriented at anyone interested in ships and shipbuilding.

1. Were there any significant differences?

2. There has been a learning process accompanying this technology transfer (переход, изменения).

3. For some storms there may be no good precedence.

4. There are air taxis that take residents and tourists to isolated areas and pick them up later.

5. Apart from development of lumber (лесоперерабатывающий) industries, there will be other possible sources of biomass.

1. They are working with existing (to exist – существовать) materials, looking for ways (a way – способ, путь) to preserve holograms longer.

2. All planets detected so far (пока что) are gas giants lacking (to lack – не доставать, не иметь) a solid surface.

3. When questioned, the secretary denied knowledge of it.

4. Developing nations will rely primarily on fossil (твердый, окаменевший) fuels for industrialization.

5. Improved (to improve – улучшать) combustion processes and emission controls are needed.

6. Having finished the experiment, the students left the laboratory.

Задание 7. Перепишите предложения. Найдите в предложениях глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму в активном или пассивном залоге (Active Voice, Passive Voice).

1. Now we are determining the chemical structure of some hydrogels.

2. They will be reporting on these techniques elsewhere (в другом журнале).

3. In about 1979 Philip Holmes gave a lecture on his research into chaotic dynamics.

4. We had been working as this problem for four or five years before it suddenly became quite popular.

5. Fluids flowing through tubes often cause vibrations.

6. The researchers have given little thought to basic business problems.

7. This Bill (законопроект) was introduced into Parliament in 1989.

8. These problems have been treated more successfully in the US and Japan.

9. The street plan will have been interpreted (интерпретировать, понимать) as consensus in favour of (в пользу) highways.

10. The book is offered as a student text, and it will serve this purpose well.

11. The bullet (пуля) is constantly being pressed down by gravity.

12. By 1958, the U.S. had begun to consume (потреблять) more fuel of various kinds than it produced.

1. This book ought to be compulsory reading for students studying artificial intelligence.

2. Water use must be carefully managed on a global basis.

3. A dynamic system can become chaotic.

4. Engineers and management personnel had to overcome many problems.

5. Visitors of a conference will be able to watch simulated (to simulate – моделировать) cyber-attacks.

6. The tube may vibrate but it won’t break.

7. This centre is to provide service for military aircraft.