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КАТЕГОРИИ:






Questions for self-control




1. What is semassiology?

2. Are there any differences between metaphor and metonymy?

3. What is a simile? What are the main functions of the simile?

4. What semantic poles of a simile do you know?

5. What do you know about antithesis? Why it is viewed separately from parallel constructions?

6. What is oxymoron?

7. Why are there comparatively few trite oxymorons and where are they mainly used?

8. Indicate the difference between pun and zeugma.

9. What phonetic stylistic devices can you enumerate?

 

Seminar 4: Semasiology of the English language. Phonetic Means of Stylistics

  1. Semasiology: lexical and stylistic semasiology
  2. Stylistic Semasiology
  3. Figures of substitution

figures of quality

hyperbola

meiosis

litotes

figures or qualification

metaphoric: metaphor (nominative, cognitive, generalizing, figurative/image-bearing)

personification

allegory

antonomasia (the usage of proper name for a common noun, the usage of a common noun for a proper name)

metonymic: metonymy

synecdoche

periphrases

euphemism (religious, political, connected with the notion of death)

irony

  1. Figures of Combination

figures of identity

simile

synonyms-substitutes

synonyms-specifies

figures of opposition

antithesis

oxymoron

figures of inequality

climax/gradation

anticlimax

pun

zeugma

  1. Phonetic Means of Stylistics

alliteration

assonance

onomatopoeia

Practical Tasks

Exercise 1.

Match each figure of quantity with its main stylistic feature:

1. Hyperbole. 2. Meiosis. 3. Litotes.

a) positive sense of a structure with double negation;

b) a deliberate exaggeration;

c) a deliberate diminution.

Exercise 2.

Indicate separately the cases of: a) hyperbole; b) meiosis; c) litotes:

1. English and American hands were as scarce as hen's teeth in this unhealthy place. (W. Foster). 2. He would give the world for her fair eyes. 3. Dear aunt, you frightened me out of my senses. (H. Fielding). 4. A smile crossed Natt's face from ear to ear. (H. Caine). 5. An unfortunate man would be drowned in a tea-cup. 6. A watched pot never boils. 7. He said: "I thought I'd come up and have a word with you, father." (A. Cronin). 8. I have not seen you for ages. 9. To write a novel is as simple for him as falling off a chair, I'suppose. 10. You make noise enough to wake the dead. 11. We'll be back in three shakes of a dead lamb's tail. (J. Conroy). 12. He seemed to me to be frightened all to pieces. (A. Doyle). 13.1 don't speak empty words. 14. It hadn't been for nothing after all. 14. No man is indispensable. 15. These cabins aren't half bad. (H. Wells). 16. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 17. I've had such a lot of worry lately that I don't know whether I'm on my head or heels. (H. Lawson). 18. And the floors! They haven't seen water for ages. (J. Steele). 19. An old dog barks not in vain. 20. "Well, that's not a bad idea," he said finally. (M. Wilson). 21. He proceeded very slowly and cau­tiously, an inch at a time. (J. London). 22. He was a good-for-nothing fellow. 23.1 wouldn't say it is beyond your purse to buy that book.

Exercise 3.

Match each metonymic figure of quality with its main stylistic feature:

1. Metonymy. 2. Synecdoche. 3. Periphrasis. 4. Euphemism.

a) replacement of a direct name of a thing/phenomenon by the description of some of its quality;

b) naming the whole object by mentioning part of it, or naming a constitu­ent part by mentioning the whole object;

c) replacement of an unpleasant, impolite word or expression with a mild­er and decent one;

d) transference of a name of one object to another based upon contiguity.

Exercise 4

Point out metaphor among metonymy. Define its stylistic function in each case:

1. How to earn daily bread by my pen was then the problem. (B. Shaw). 2. A loose tongue wagged spitefully outside the hospital. (A. Cronin). 3. He bears no malice for you or your relatives. 4. The pen is mightier than the sword. 5. Proverbs are the wisdom of the streets. 6. As things were he had to put his pride in his pocket - he couldn't quarrel with his bread and butter. (A. Cronin). 7. Fortune gives her hand to a bold man. 8. It's well known, isn't it, that her circle is very free and easy. (J. Galsworthy). 9. We're badly in * need of new blood. (A. Cronin). 10. His tongue failed him. 11. How is the world treating you? 12. Hungry bellies have no ears. 13. Idleness is the moth­er of all evil. 14. Misfortunes come on wings and depart on foot. 15. The captain was ashore, where he had been engaging some new hands to make up his full crew.

Exercise 5

Match the periphrases with the notions they represent­

  I. 1) a gentleman in brown 2) a gentleman in black 3) a gentleman/ knight of industry 4) a gentleman of the (long) robe 5) the Father of Lights (the king of glory/ heaven) II. 1) the Father of Rivers/ Waters 2) a daughter of the soil 3) a daughter of Eve 4) a daughter of Jezebel 5) a son of Mars III. 1) a son of the Nile 2) a son of Vulcan 3) a son/ knight of the Spigot 4) the king of birds 5) the king of terrors IV. 1) the king of the sea 2) the king of beasts 3) the king of day 4) a knight of fortune 5) a knight of the field V. 1) a knight of the pen/ pencil/ quill 2) fires of heaven 3) old moustache 4) the arena of the bears and bulls 5) cold feet

a) Satan b) a bug, bed-bug, clinch c)God d) a swindler e) a lawyer, judge a) a soldier military man b) a woman c) the Nile d) a peasant woman e) a an impudent woman a) an eagle b) a tavern-keeper c) death d) a crocodile e) a (black)smith, farrier a) the sun b) an adventurer, gambler c) a tramp, vagrant, hobo d)herring e) a lion a) a cowardice b) a writer, journalist, clerk c) stock exchange d) stars e) a veteran

Exercise 6

Analyze the following figures of substi­tution and combination:

1. The whole lobby was empty. It smelled like fifty million dead cigars. 2. Somebody knocked on the door, and when I went to open it, I fell over my suitcase. I always pick a gorgeous time to fall over a suitcase or something. 3.1 dropped about a thousand hints but I couldn't get rid of him. 4. He was two years younger than I was, but he was about fifty times as intelligent. He was terrifically intelligent. 5. They both laughed like hyenas at stuff that wasn't even funny. 6. He didn't have too bad a sense of humor. 7. At Pency, you either froze to death or died of the heat. 8. He's not too bad. 9. There were about three inches of snow on the ground, and it was still coming down like a madman. 10. In New York, boy, money really talks - I'm not kidding. 11. The one ugly one, Laverne, wasn't too bad a dancer, but the other one, old Marty, was murder. Old Marty was like dragging the Statue of Liberty around the floor. 12. Four times she asked me that - she was certainly witty. 13. It was Ehat kind of a crazy afternoon, terrifically cold... (J. D. Salinger). 14. He taught a ride home to the crowded loneliness of the barracks. (J. Jones). 15. He smiled back, breathing a memory of gin at me. (W. S. Gilbert). 16. He is a proud, haughty, consequential, tumed-nosed peacock. (Ch. Dickens). 17. Now fet me introduce you - that's Mr What's-his-name, you remember him, don't you? And over there in the comer, that's the Major, and there's Mr What-d'you-call-him, and that's an American. (E. Waugh). 18. After a while and a cake he crept nervously to the door of the parlour. (A. Tolkien). 19. "Some-i6ne at the door," he said, blinking. - "Some four, I should say by the sound," said Fili. (A. Tolkien). 20. Like a well, like a vault, like a tomb, the prison had |no knowledge of the brightness outside. (Ch. Dickens). 21. We danced on the | handkerchief-big space between the speak-easy tables. (R. P. Warren). 22. Liza Hamilton was a very different kettle of Irish. Her head was small and round and it held small and round convictions. (J. Steinbeck). 23. There are three doctors in an illness like yours. I don't mean only myself, my partner and the radiologist who does your X-rays, the three I'm referring to are Dr Rest, Dr Diet and Dr Fresh Air. (D Cusack). 24. Little Jon was bom with a silver spoon in his mouth which was rather curly and large. (J. Galsworthy). 25. Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield are Good Bad Boys of American liter­ature. (H. G. Vallins). 2$. He smelled the ever-beautiful smell of coffee imprisoned in the can. (J. Steinbeck). 27. Her painful shoes slipped off. (J. Updike). 28. We sat down at the table. The jaws got to work around the table. (R. R Warren). 29. He had all the confidence in the world, and not without reason. (J. O'Hara). 30. I took my obedient feet away from him. (W. S. Gilbert). 31. Most women up London nowadays seem to furnish their rooms with nothing but orchids, foreigners and French novels. (0. Wilde). 32. I felt I wouldn't say "no" to a cup of tea. (K. Mansfield). 33. Better beans and bacon in peace than cakes and ale in fear. (Aesop). 34. A most intense young man, A soulful-eyed young man. An ultra-poetical, super-aesthetical, Out-of-the-way young man! (Gilbert). 35. When every one is some­body, Then no one's anybody. (Gilbert). 36. The black flower of civilized society, a prison. (N. Hawthorne). 37.1 like work; it fascinates me. I can sit and look at it for hours. I love to keep it by me: the idea of getting rid of it nearly breaks my heart. (J. K. Jerome). 38. A fly sat on the chariot wheel and said, "What a dust I raise." (J. La Fontaine). 39. Please return this book; I find that though many of my friends are poor arithmeticians, they are nearly all good bookkeepers. (W. Scott). 40. Cauliflower is nothing but cabbage with a college education. (Mark Twain).

 

 

Literature recommended

  1. Кухаренко В.А. Практикум з стилістики англійської мови: Підручник. – Вінниця. «Нова книга», 2000 – (electronic version)
  2. Дубенко О.Ю. Порівняльна стилістика англійської та української мов. – Вінниця, 2005.
  3. Galperin I.R. Stylistics. – M, 1971.
  4. Гальперин А.И. Очерки по стилистике английского языка. – М., 1958. –(electronic version)

 






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