Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.

Onomatopoeia – a combination of speech sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature by themes, by people or animals. Therefore the relation b-n onomatopoeia & the phenomenon it is supposed to represent is 1 of metonymy.

2 variants of Onomatopoeia:

1. direct – is contrasted in w-s that imitate natural sounds. These w-s have dif-nt degrees of imitative quality.

2. indirect – is a combination of sounds. The aim of which to make the sound of an utterance an echo & it sense. Indirect onomatopoeia depends some action of what makes the sound. Ex. Burble à water, clink àщелкать.

Alliteration – is the repetition of similar sounds, in particular consonant sounds, in close succession, particularly at the beginning of successive words. In English phraseology there are a number of expressions, proverbs & sayings which are based on alliteration. Ex. Last but not least.

Assonance – the repetition of similar stressed vowels within the line or stanza. Both alliteration & assonance may produce the effect of euphony (a sense of ease & comfort in pronouncing & hearing) & cacophony (a sense of discomfort in pronouncing or hearing).

Rhyme – alternation of stressed & unstressed syllables more or less regular.

Rhyming w-s are generally placed at distance from each other but identity and similarity of sound combinations may be relative. That’s why the 1^st criterion is identity of sound. From this point of view we distinguish:

●full rhyme – presupposes identity of vowel sound & the following cons-t sound in a stressed syllable. Ex. Flood – blood.

●incomplete rhymes:

♦Vowel rhymes – the vowel of the syllables in corresponding w-s are identical but the cons-ts may be dif-nt. Eg. Advice – compromise.

♦In cons-t rhymes – the cons-ts are identical but vowels are dif-nt. Eg. Grew – grow.

The 2nd criterion is morphological char-cs. From this point of view we distinguish:

● broken rhymes – when one word rhymes with the combination of words, eg. Better – forget her.

● eye-rhymes – where the letters but not sounds are identical. Eg. Love – prove, flood – brood, have – brave. It can only be perceived in the written verse.

F-ns of rhyme (are released simultaneously):

1. disserving – breaks the line into 2 distinct part, making the reader to pause.

2. consolidating – it unites the ideas expressed in 2 parts.

Rhythm – alternation of stressed & unstressed syllables, the combination of the ideal metrical skill, its variations, governed by the standard.

2 kind of rhythm in lng:

●syllable-timed – where syllables appear at regular interval of time and all syllables have the same length. Eg. Italian.

●stressed-timed – where stressed syllables appear at regular intervals. Eg. English.

Aims:

- To intensify the options;

- Helps to get the flow of thoughts

- Conveys feelings, mood of the author & his ch-rs

- Adds specific importance to sum ideas & feelings

- Has impressive symbolic or graphic f-ns

- Can imitate movement, behavior or setting.

In English poetry rhythm is manifested in a metrical pattern – consists of 2 or 3 syllables only 1 of which is stressed.

Metrical patterns:

● iambic – 1 unstressed syllable is followed by 1 stressed syllable

● trochaic – 1 stressed syllable is followed by 1 unstressed

● dactylic – 1 stressed syllable is followed by 2 unstressed.

● amphibrach –1 stressed syllable is between 2 unstressed.

●anapest – 1 stressed syllable is between 4 unstressed syllables.

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