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КАТЕГОРИИ:






Passage as a text element.




Each consecutive level of lingual signs consists of elements belonging to the preceding level of language hierarchy. e g. phonemes morphemes - words sentences text.

To the list may be added intermediate phenomena of free word combinations, phraseological units, and supra-phrasal units.

Healed discussions on what is to be recognized as the basic textual segment are still going on. In one view, it should be nothing else but a supra-phrasal unit. The representatives of Communicative Grammar use this term to denote a passage of the text larger than a sentence. It generally comprises a number of sentences, structurally and semantically interconnected It expresses only one definite thought and can be extracted from the context without losing a relative semantic independence of its own.

The practical problem is that supra-phrasal units are not clearly perceived in most types of texts. Moreover, they often coincide with paragraphs also competing for the role of basic textual segment

Indeed, written discourse graphically falls into paragraphs. Each paragraph can be treated as a unit of thought, separate at least from the point of view of the author conveying the message he desires. One might also say that each paragraph deals with a theme and develops an idea. Most paragraphs consist of two parts:

• the thesis usually contained in the topic, or key, sentence;

• the supporting details revolving around this main idea and expanding on it.

The structural patterns of paragraphs vary. The topic sentence, for example,

may be located in different parts of the paragraph. The most frequently used pattern is deductive. In this case the point of greatest importance comes at the top of the paragraph. The opposite structure is inductive in which the generalizing sentence occurs at the bottom of the paragraph. A deductive-inductive pattern is formed by two key sentences, the one initiating the main idea and the other repeating or rewording it in the concluding part of the paragraph.

It should be specially noted that paragraphing can be of different character in different functional styles. For instance, it is strictly logical in the language of science, highly traditional in legal documents, to a great extent psychological in the language of the press, and mainly aesthetic in poetry and emotive prose.

It is logical to assume that paragraphs can also be classified in terms of basic types of speech, which in their essence correspond to what is known as discourse types or rhetorical modes. One can single out the paragraph-narration, the paragraph-description, the paragraph-reasoning, and their mixed types. The notion of reasoning seems to be synonymous to that of comment and can be further subdivided into analysis and argumentation.

It is in many respects useful to analyze the whole text paragraph by paragraph. Formally, if paragraph-narrations prevail, than the text is likely to be a narrative. If there are comparatively more paragraphs of descriptive character, then the text might be a description. If the text abounds with analysis and argumentation, it is most likely a piece of expository writing. In other words, it is really possible to describe the scheme of a text in terms of discourse types, bearing in mind that a paragraph is the basic textual segment.

 

 






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