THE COLONIAL HERITAGE

Allan Nevins and Henry Steele Commager

Part of the heritage that the colonies were to bequeath the young nation is evident at a glance. The fact of a common language, the English tongue, was of immeasurable value. It was one of the great binding elements which made a true nation possible. The long and steadily broadening experience with representative forms of government was another priceless part of the heritage. We may take it rather for granted until we remember that the French and Spanish colonies had nothing to show in representative self-government: the British alone permitted their colonists to erect popular assemblies and to create governments in which both electors and representatives had real political responsibility. The result was that British colonists were politically minded and politicallv experienced. The respect paid to essential civil rights was (another important element in the heritage, for the colonists had as firm a belief in freedom of speech, of the press, and of assembly as did Britons at home. These rights were not completely secure, but they were cherished. The general spirit of religious toleration in the colonies, and the recognition that different sects could and should get on with entire amity, must be included in the roster) Every' faith was protected under the British flag; despite the traditional fear of Catholicism in England. Parliament was even charged by some colonials after 1763 with showing excessive favor to that religion.

(Equally valuable) was the spirit of racial toleration, for people of different blood—English, Irish, German, Huguenot, Dutch, Swedish—mingled and intermarried with little thought of any difference.

And we should certainly mention the strong spirit of individual enterprise which manifested itself in the colonies, an individualism always noteworthy in Britain herself, but which was now heightened under the pressure of life in a rich but wild and difficult land. The British never permitted such monopolies within the colonies as had crushed individual effort in the French and Spanish dominions. Enterprise irrepressibly responded to opportunity. (Taken together, these parts of the colonial heritage were a treasure worth far more than shiploads of gold or acres of diamonds.)

Two basically American ideas had also taken root during the colonial period. One was the idea of democracy, in the sense that all men are entitled to a rough equality of opportunity. It was to gain opportunity for themselves and still more for their children that a host of settlers had come.to the New World. They hoped to establish a society in which every man should not only have a chance, but a good chance; in which he might rise from the bottom to the very top of the ladder. This demand for equality of opportunity was to bring about increasing changes in the social structure of America, breaking down all sorts of special privileges. It was to effect marked changes in education and intellectual life, making America the most common-schooled" nation in the world. It was to produce great political changes, giving the ordinary man a more direct control of government. (Altogether, it was to be a mighty engine for the betterment of the masses.)

The other basic idea was the sense that a special destiny awaited the American people and that they had before them a career such as no other nation was likely to achieve. This general wealth, the energy of the people, and the atmosphere of freedom which enveloped both imparted to Americans a fresh and buoyant optimism and an aggressive self-confidence. The idea of a peculiarly fortunate destiny was to be one of the main forces in the swift expansion of the American people across the continent. It was sometimes to have evil effects; that is, it was to lead Americans to rely all too easily on Providence when they should have been taking painful thought to meet their difficulties—it was to make them complacent when they should have been self-critical. But, along with the idea of democracy, it was on the whole to give American life a freshness, breadth, and cheerfulness, that were matched nowhere else. The new land was a land of promise, of hope, of steadilywidening horizons.

The Pocket History of the United States, pp. 53-55. Copyright 1951, 1956, 1966 by Allan Nevins and Henry Steele Commager.

The Outline

From this marked reading selection, the following outline may be made

The Colonial Heritage

I. Parts of the heritage

A. A common language

B. Representative government

C. Respect for civil rights

D. Religious toleration

E. Racial toleration

F. The spirit of individual enterprise

II. Two basically American ideas

A. Idea of democracy—equal opportunity

1. Social changes

2. Educational changes

3. Political changes

B. Sense of special destiny

1. Evil effects

2. Good effects

The Summary

Now we are ready for the summary. The following summary has been reduced to half the original length. Parentheses have been placed around supporting details for main points, many of which can be omitted if a shorter summary is desired.

The heritage that the colonies left to the new nation can be quickly seen. Very valuable was the fact of a common language, English (which acted as a unifying ele­ment). Another priceless part of the heritage was the experience with representative forms of government. (The British colonies, unlike the French and Spanish colonies, were permitted to have governments that gave political experience to both the repre­sentatives and the people who elected them.)

Another important element in the heritage was the respect paid to civil rights. (The colonists believed strongly in freedom of speech, of the press, and of assembly.) In addition the colonists believed in religious toleration. (Every faith was protected in the British colonies.) Racial toleration also was part of the heritage. (People of all races mixed and intermarried.)

We must also include in the heritage the spirit of individual enterprise which developed in the rich but wild land. (The monopolies that had discouraged individual effort in the French and Spanish colonies were not permitted in the British colonies, and so the British colonists could take great advantage of the opportunities that were open to them.)

During the colonial period, two basic American ideas also began to develop. The first (or One) was the idea of democracy, which granted to everyone the same opportunity to get ahead. The demand for equality brought about many social, educa­tional and political changes. (Or, more fully: The demand for equality brought about many social changes by breaking down special privileges. It also produced educa­tional changes by offering the most education provided by any country in the world. In addition, it produced political changes by giving its citizens more responsibility in government.)

The other (or The second) basic idea was the sense of special destiny, (The wealth of the country, the energy of the people, the atmosphere of freedom gave them a feeling of optimism and strong self-confidence.) This feeling of special destiny some­times had bad effects. (There were times when the American people trusted m fate when they should have tried harder to face their difficulties.) On the whole, however, those two basic ideas gave the Americans a sense of freshness, cheerfulness and hope that could be found nowhere else.

The following language focus provides some additional suggestions on how to begin your summary.

Language Focus: The First Sentence in a Summary

Most summaries begin with a sentence containing two elements: the source and the main idea. Notice the use of the present tense in the last three examples.

In Anthony Tyson's article "Mapping Dark Matter with Gravitational Lenses,” … (main idea).

According to Yvonne Boskin in her article "Blue Whale Population May Be Increasing off California," … (main idea).

Young and Song's 1991 paper on fluoridation discusses … (main topic).

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