General requirements on labor protection and industrial safety

Occupational Health

Dangerous and harmful production factors are divided into four classes: physical, chemical, biological, and psychological.

For this production of sulfuric acid basic harmful factors are: the chemical:

• The nature of the human organism: toxic, irritating;

• the path of penetration into the human body: inhalation, gastrointestinal tract, skin and mucous membranes.

Among the physical factors of the most characteristic for the chemical industry can be attributed moving machinery, moving parts of production equipment, increased dustiness and gas contamination of air of the working area, high or low temperature of the surfaces of equipment, materials, working environment of air, air mobility, high voltage in an electrical circuit, circuit which may occur through the human body [22].

In this production of sulfuric acid, all large equipment located close to the industrial building under a canopy, which significantly increases the safety of the equipment by reducing the probability of occurrence of toxic substances in the air, reducing construction costs.

The main equipment, which can not operate in the open air because of the adverse effects of precipitation (wind, dust), is designed in a heated building. The sulfuric acid absorption of office equipment is placed in a four-storey building. absorber located above the collection of acid and acid flows by gravity into the collection.

Construction of single storey industrial buildings require large areas, and in addition, such a building as compared to the high-rise has a large area of ​​external walling, which increases the heat loss in the cold season.

The company, its individual buildings with technological process is the source of release into the environment of hazardous substances, as well as a source of increased noise levels should be separated from the residential area of ​​sanitary-protection zones. sulfuric acid production can be attributed to the class I. The control area measuring 2,000 m [25].

Control of content of harmful substances in the air of the working area must be periodic. The sensitivity of the methods and devices of the control shall not exceed ± 25% of the determined value of [27].

Under the influence of sulfuric acid, absorbent, the skin becomes white at first, then brownish with redness. In the case of extensive chemical burns of the skin and untimely action taken, the formation of ulcers and other more serious complications [28,29,30].

Burn large area of ​​the skin is very dangerous. To avoid getting acid on the human body using special. Clothes, men's suits for protection against acids K80, K50, K20 Standard 12.04.036-78, types A, B, [31].

Protective properties of each group are provided with different material. Head Protection are made of materials with respective protective properties.
Costumes type A and B consists of a jacket, trousers, and head protection, rubber boots, gloves and goggles. Sulphur dioxide irritates and burns the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. Irritation causes severe coughing and can lead to inflammation of the upper respiratory tract / 28 /. When you select a sulfuric anhydride and sulfuric acid vapors in the work area of ​​the absorption department, working you must wear masks mark "B" and take measures to eliminate gas pollution in the workplace [ 32].

First aid. When acid burn as soon as possible should be washed off with acid lesion strong jet of water, and then neutralized with a solution of 2% soda. In severe burns, after performing the above measures, the victim need to provide medical assistance. If acid splashes into the eyes, you should rinse your eyes immediately with plenty of clean running water and direct the victim to a medical center [23, 28].

First aid for poisoning is the following: the immediate withdrawal of the victim from the contaminated area to fresh air and free from hindering his clothes; depending on the season, warm clothing and shelter in any case not to put on damp ground, nor does it keep on drafts; to provide complete rest until medical help arrives [28].

Fire Safety

Equipment Branch of absorption of sulfuric acid and absorbent is located on the shelf and thus develop measures to ensure fire safety for the case in which the CPU is located. The substances used in the process, do not apply to explosives, so the room category by explosion and fire hazard - D (combustible substances and materials in the cold state) / 37.45 /. The category D are high-rise buildings. The absorption CPA office is located in a two story building. [46]

R-limit bearing capacity, E-loss of integrity, I-loss insulation. Premises for explosion and fire are not classified. Execution of electrical moisture-sheltered [40].

The fire walls and partitions, openings that can not close doors and gates, for communication between adjacent spaces of category C, D and E in the field of the openings provided the open (no doors and gates) lobbies for at least 4 meters in length, equipped with fire-fighting installations on section 4 meters.

The building is allowed to provide a ladder of type 2 lobbies to 2GOetazha. In this case, the lobby has to be separated from the corridors and adjacent rooms with fire partitions.

It is envisaged to 2 floor fire escape type 2 with a slope of not more than 6:. 1 width 0.7 m distance most remote workplace must not exceed 25 meters There is one emergency exit [37,47]..

Setting fires detection and fire alarm is a set of devices for the detection of ignition (fire) and the reports of his place of fire. They usually include a detector (fire detectors), reception station, power supply unit and linear structures.

We employ heat detectors that are recommended for use indoors or outdoors installations, where the ambient temperature does not vary over a wide range [48].

The building is equipped with an internal fire pipeline with an internal fire hydrants. It is located at a height of 1.35 m. Above the floor and staircases at the entrances, in corridors. Fire hydrants supplied sleeve diameter 50 mm, length of 10 m. The water flow on the work of internal fire hydrants taken of the conditions of the water supply to one or two streams. Performance of each jet must be at least 2.5 l / s. As well as the primary means of extinguishing are hand-held chemical foam fire extinguishers TOU-10 [49,50].

Technical characteristics of the developed system:

The pressure in the unit - atmospheric;

Ambient temperature - 55 ° C

The dimensions are: d0 = 370mm, hr = 55,5mm, D1 = 1,120m, D2 = 1,000m, H2 = 5,150m, H3 = 1,480m (see section 3 of the graduation project.).

The absorber is made of all-welded. Since the absolute pressure in the unit of 0.1 MPa <0,17 MPa so is not subject to the rules State Technical requirements.

Disconnect the device from the technological scheme occurs during repairs with the help of gates, valves and plugs. This type of absorber flanges and tongue and groove gasket of PTFE [23].

By automating the drying-absorption separation regulators are supplied acid concentration, which reduced feed water to sulfuric acid; It comes from a collection of acid. The level of acid in the collection is regulated by level. product supply to the warehouse of finished products is regulated by the control valve [2].

The device is mounted jib crane on the prepared foundation. Piping (strapping machine) was carried out after the final installation of the unit. Before any repair, the stop is carried out by overlapping the gas supply and the acid in the absorber. His cleaned, washed and neutralize (i.e. steamed, purged, etc.) is disconnected from the existing communications via plugs. After airing need to conduct an analysis of air samples taken from the machine. To work inside can begin only when the analysis shows that the concentration of harmful gases and vapors in it does not exceed the maximum permissible sanitary norms. [20]

Repair absorber test ends. Before starting the installation checked the correctness of all elements of the technological scheme. At the same time the list of adjusters are objects that are subject to verification. The commissioning take adjusters, operational staff, managers entered in the installation operation, the company director and designers. Implemented by setting up processing and power equipment, instrumentation. When has not made electrical work, ie not connected motors, scrolling mechanisms idling is carried out using a special installation, connection to a time grid.

When hydraulic test rig is filled with water at the open airs. The appearance of water in airs suggests filling machine. After closing airs pressure in the apparatus was slowly increased to 0.2 MPa (up control value). At this pressure the machine stand 10 minutes, then lowered to the working pressure at which the weld is performed with a hammer tapping and inspection housing [37, 51].

According to the process piping all standards depending on the chemical composition of the medium transferred on divided into five groups (A, B, C, D, E). Within each group, depending on the operating pressure and temperature of the pipeline is divided into five categories (I-V). Thus, in a group A-I consists of pipelines transporting products with toxic properties into a group B-I - B-IV - pipelines transporting flammable and reactive gases, inflammable and combustible and so on.

Laying of pipelines in the chemical industry could be underground - in the flow channels (tunnels), in impassable channels and directly in the ground; ground - on poles and aerial - on racks, racks, brackets, on the columns and walls of buildings the most commonly used underground and above-ground pad as the lifetime of pipelines with a gasket over 2.5 times than in the underground. In addition, when surface and underground laying of reduced capital and operating costs, it is possible to continuously monitor the condition of the pipeline, to facilitate their installation and repair.

Laying of underground cables acid is prohibited by existing rules and regulations.
The minimum height above ground pipeline laying - at least 2.2 m and at the intersection with Intra roads and passages - not less than 4.5 m.

Flanged pipe connections have places available for their installation and maintenance. [9]

Internship piping fire and explosive industries, regardless of their purpose must be grounded by connection to a shop earthling. In order to equalize the potentials - prevent sparks - all pipelines are located in a fire and hazardous areas in parallel, at a distance of 100 mm from one another, they must be interconnected by metal jumpers every 20-25 m All pipes exposed to temperature fluctuations, depending on the time of year. temperature of transported medium and the condition of the insulation. Compensation of thermal elongations of pipelines reached device pipeline with self-compensated or installing expansion joints of different types [19].

For transportation used seamless hot-rolled and cold-rolled pipes of diameter greater than 57mm; Warehouse acid contact systems; for transporting the gas at a temperature of 450 ° C - with pipes of 150 mm diameter. These conduits are located in accessible locations for service personnel, as well as to reduce room heating, thermal insulation cover [9].

Compounds of these pipes oxide wires and their connection to the machine is welding or flanges with a nominal pressure of 10 kgf / cm2 (GOST 1255-67). Welding of the flange to the pipe is made from both sides electrodes 7-42 in accordance with GOST 9467-60. [18]

Thus, in this thesis project presented findings and recommendations, under which carried out the normal operation of equipment and production staff excluded injuries

Conclusions

According to the task it was made calculation and design of the packed absorber. Nozzle - ordered ceramic Raschig rings 50 mm. The actual consumption of the absorber is 1.25 times greater than the minimum. The actual velocity of the gas in the absorber amounts to 72.3% of the speed limit (flooding regime). The diameter of the absorber 1600 mm, nozzle height of 6.3 meters, the height of the cylindrical part of the absorber design of 13.7 m. The nozzle is placed in layers in the layer 3 by 2.1 m.

Power units, used in the production of sulfuric acid increased by more than 30 times, and the production itself - 5 times. With the further development of agriculture in the country of consumption of fertilizers is increasing every year, which leads to an increase in the volume of production of sulfuric acid. The scale of production of sulfuric acid are also increasing worldwide. Simultaneously with the overall increase in volume of sulfuric acid sulfuric expanding the product range of plants, issue organized highly pure acid, 100% sulfuric anhydride oleum and highly concentrated acid, as well as increased production of new products based on the sulfur trioxide.

Radical improvements made to the production of contact sulfuric acid. Currently built strong sulfuric acid plant with a capacity for a system of more than 1,000 tons of sulfuric acid per day, equipped with modern equipment and devices equipped with automatic control and regulation of the process. The catalysts used thermally resistant vanadium contact mass in the form of pellets, and rings, characterized by low temperature ignition. It establishes new simpler ways to clean up the firing of gas and absorption of sulfur trioxide. Developed new sulfuric acid production scheme of sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, from spent acids of different industries; methods are implemented using sulfur flue and other gases, etc.

The most important task of the sulfuric acid industry is the continuous improvement of production through the use of the latest achievements of science and technology, best practices implementation of new techniques and methods of work

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