bopa6a æ o6xæaw 1 страница

Pycc›ae 6opa6a «æ o6xæaw» («æ cxæaw›y») uocnywmna oc+oæou +e wona›o gne Cnagɵ, +o m gne cau6o.

Monowe+ue wena

bopyɵ o6xæawɵæaDw gpyr gpyra py›aum (upaæyD saæogew sa uneuo upowmæ+m›a cæepxy, a neæyD – sa gpyroe uneuo c+msy). Ha cum+e upowmæ+m›a cyeuneDw py›m.

Mpuemɵ

3agaueu 6opyoæ eæneewce cmnoæoe æosgeucwæme +a upowmæ+m›a, uwo6ɵ o+ owcwyumn, uoæanmnce. ¶ne woro, uwo6ɵ uoæanmwa upowmæ+m›a, m+orga ero c+auana uog+muaDw, a saweu 6pocaDw.

B wa›ou 6opa6e +eo6xogmuɵ cmna m æɵ+ocnmæocwa, a wa›we 6ɵcwpowa geucwæmu. HcuonasyDwce cnegyDyme saxæaw+ɵe upmeuɵ: sauo›, ›pDuo›, c›pecw+ɵu, sa sauecwae

og+ou py›ou.

Cnaga – swo uouynep+ɵu æmg pycc›ou 6opa6ɵ, ›owopɵu uoæceuecw+o sa+muaDwce +e wona›o æspocnɵe, +o m uogpocw›m, gewm. O+ +e wona›o ynyumaew Ømsmuec›yD uogrowoæ›y m 6oecuoco6+ocwa uywc›ou uacwm +acene+me, +o m upmo6yaew › pycc›ou ›ynawype.

bopa6a +a ouoecıax

bopa6a +a ouoec›ax wpagmymo++o upoxogmna +a Vpane m æ 3auag+ou Cm6mpm. Ham6onee uacwo o+a upoxogmna æ upasg+mu+ɵe mnm æoc›pec+ɵe g+m, oco6e++o newou.

B pasnmu+ɵx o6nacwex +asæa+me 6opa6ɵ muenm +e›owopɵe ownmume (6opa6a uog uoec›m,

›pecwae+c›ae 6opa6a m gp.). bou upoxogmn c mcuonasoæa+meu ouoeco› – mmpo›mx uonoc w›a+m mnm æepeæo›, gnm+a ›owopɵx upeæɵmana 2 u. Hageæanm ouoec›y +a ronoe weno mnm uoæepx ogewgɵ. bopyɵ uornm 6opowace ›a› æ o6yæm, wa› m 6es +ee.

Monowe+ue wena

Ouoec›aum 6opyɵ o6æesɵæanmca æo›pyr wanmm, uepe›m+yæ upegæapmwena+o ogm+ ›o+ey uepes upaæoe uneuo. Ha neæou 6o›y ouoec›y ›peu›o c›pyumæanm (genanm cæepwo›-pyu›y) m saæesɵæanm ysnou +a upaæou 6o›y (pmc. 89). B wou cnyuae, ›orga ogm+ ms 6opyoæ o6nagan æegyyeu neæou py›ou, ero couep+m›y ouoeco› uepe›mgɵæanm uepes neæoe uneuo.

ogewge: 1 – ysen; 2 – sa›pyw›a; 3 – o6ymu æmg

Pmcy+o› 89. Ouoeco› +a

bopa6a +a ouoec›ax upoxogmna æ uonowe+mm cwoe. bopyɵ uornm upm+ewa nD6yD cwou›y (upeuyD, cor+yæmmca, Øpo+wana+yD, upaæo– mnm neæocwopo++DD).

Bo æpeue 6opa6ɵ c couep+m›ou 6opyɵ saxæawɵæanm og+ou py›ou cæepwo›-pyu›y, a gpyrou

– ouoeco› +a uneue (pmc. 90). Mo ouoec›y py›a æo æpeue 6opa6ɵ uorna uepeueyawace. Mepexæawɵæawa py›aum upaæmna +e gouyc›anm. bopowace neæme c upaæmou 6ɵno sawpyg+mwena+o, wa› ›a› saxæawɵæawa gpyr gpyra py›aum 6ɵno cnow+ee. B wa›mx cnyuaex saxæaw ouoec›a m+orga upoæogmnce +a wanmm.

Pmcy+o› 90. 3axæaw ouoec›a upowmæ+m›aum

Mpuemɵ

Xæawawa sa ouoeco› uow+o gæyue cuoco6aum: nago+aD › ce6e m ow ce6e. B 6opa6e ygo6+ee mcuonasoæawa æwopou cuoco6, wa› ›a› upm swou ycmnmæaewce pa6owa 6onamoro uanaya ›mcwm,

›owopɵu uow+o æosgeucwæoæawa +a meD couep+m›a.

B +e›owopɵx cnyuaex 6ou upoxogmn 6es ouoec›oæ. Torga 6opyɵ saxæawɵæanm gpyr gpyra sa ogewgy. O6ɵu+o saxæaw genance +a uneue mnm +a 6o›y, sa æopow+m›, ›apua+ɵ, 6pDu+ɵe peu+m.

B 6opa6e couep+m›m coæepmanm wonu›m, pɵæ›m, uowermæanm upowmæ+m›a +a ce6e, cgaænmæanm ero. Mpm swou o+m mcuonasoæanm o6ua+umæɵe gæmwe+me, uemanm upoeæmwa a›wmæ+ocwa. Vyeune+me upowmæ+m›a æɵuon+enm sa cuew c›pyumæa+me mnm +awermæa+me ouoec›a, a wa›we coæepmae py›aum umneyme gæmwe+me.

O upmeuax 6opa6ɵ sworo æmga ummew æ cæoeu +ayu+ou pa6owe «Pycc›ae 6opa6a +a ouoec›ax: re+esmc, wex+m›a, wepum+onorme, ›naccmØm›ayme» A. B. Ane›ca+gpoæ. O+ æɵgeneew oc+oæ+ɵe upmeuɵ 6opa6ɵ – swo cæanmæa+me c +or m 6poc›m upowmæ+m›a, ›owopɵe uogpasgeneDwce +a rpyuuɵ. Ta›we upowmæ+m›y æ 6oD uow+o +acwyumwa +a +ory, uow+o won›+ywa ero ronoæou mnm rpygaD, æosgeucwæoæawa +a +ero no›weum, upeguneuaeum, uoguewa uog ce6e wynoæmyeu. 3wm upmeuɵ ow+ocewce › æcuouorawena+ɵu.

Oc+oæ+ɵe wex+m›m 6opa6ɵ +a ouoec›ax uo ga++ɵu A. B. Ane›ca+gpoæa: Ocawmæa+me – won›a+me mnm owwmua+me couep+m›a c yenaD uoæanmwa ero.

fepes cum+y – 6poc›m m uepeæopowɵ uepes uneuo, æɵuon+eeuɵe æ uonowe+mm cwoe. Mpowmæ+m›a upm swou +e saxæawɵæaDw sa +orm. Mpmeu wpe6yew ow 6opya 6onamou Ømsmuec›ou cmnɵ.

Mogæan – 6poco› uepes rpyga mnm ronoæy, æɵuon+eeuɵu upm uage+mm.

«C æepw›a» – upmeuɵ cæanmæa+me upowmæ+m›a uocpegcwæou pɵæ›a mnm wmua æ

+aupaæne+mex æuepeg – +asag, æupaæo – æneæo. Ouoeco›, upoxogeymu uepes uneuo, æ swmx cnyuaex mcuonasyewce æ ›auecwæe pɵuara m o›asɵæaew gouon+mwena+oe æosgeucwæme +a upowmæ+m›a. B swmx cnyuaex ouoeco› cuoco6cwæyew pa6owe py› 6opya. Ecnm cuecwmwa cæepwo›-pyu›y upowmæ+m›y +a wmæow mnm › uoec+mye, uow+o cæanmwa ero m gpyrmum upmeuaum.

Mcmxonormuec›ae uogrowoæ›a æ m›onax py›ouam+oro 6oe uouoraew +acwpomwace +a 6ou, geucwæoæawa wou+o m cnawe+o, ur+oæe++o pearmpoæawa +a msue+e+me cmwyaymm.

Cueymana+ɵe ucmxonormuec›me upmeuɵ uouoraDw upeogonewa cwpax m cupaæmwace c 6onaD.

«C ›pyw›a» – upmeu, upm ›owopou couep+m›a æɵæogew ms paæ+oæecme m cæanmæaDw pac›pyumæae uo ropmso+wanm.

«C xon›m» – uepe6poc uepes 6egpo mnm sa cum+y, æɵuon+eeuɵe 6egpou pasnmu+ɵe uog6mæa+me m uogxæawɵ.

«C +oc›a» – uog6mæa+me +oc›oæou uacwaD cwouɵ +or upowmæ+m›a (cwou, rone+eu, uog

›one+eum). 3wm upmeuɵ uosæoneDw æɵ6mwa +orm upowmæ+m›a (og+y mnm o6e). Mocne sworo o6ɵu+o æɵuon+eDw 6poco› æ nD6ou +aupaæne+mm.

«C uew›m» – æ swy rpyuuy æxogew wa›me upmeuɵ, ›a› uogceu›m ›one+a cwouou, sayeuɵ uew›ou m cwouou. Mpmue+ewa upmeuɵ uow+o › og+ou m pas+ɵu +orau.

«C ›pDu›a» – › swou rpyuue upmeuoæ ow+ocewce o6æmæɵ m sayeuɵ cwouou m rone+aD, uog+ow›m, uog6mæa+me rone+aD, uogceu›m cwouou ›one+a, +e›owopɵe æmgɵ uogcag.

«C ›one+a» – swo 6poc›m, æɵuon+eeuɵe 6egpou c +e6onammu upmcegou. CDga we ow+ocmwce 6poco› uepes ›one+o, ›owopɵu æɵuon+eDw uocne owwawme ›one+a upowmæ+m›a.

Fnaæa 4

Coæpeme++ɵe +ıonɵ pyccıoro ıynau+oro 6oe

Byta

bysa ow+ocmwce › pycc›ou m›one py›ouam+oro 6oe. Bos+m›na o+a +a ceæepo-sauage pycc›mx seuena m mcuonasoæanaca gpywm++m›aum Cnoæe+ m Kpmæmueu. ¶o cepegm+ɵ XX æ. o+a mcuonasoæanaca æ gepeæe+c›mx gpa›ax.

Pycc›mu ›ynau+ɵu 6ou upogonwaew cyyecwæoæawa æ +ame æpeue. Ha oc+oæe wpagmymo++ɵx upmeuoæ, mcuonasyeuɵx æ gane›me æpeue+a æ ynmu+ɵx 6oex m æoe++ɵx cpawe+mex, æos+m›nm coæpeue++ɵe m›onɵ pycc›oro py›ouam+oro 6oe. B +mx upmeuɵ

›ynau+oro 6oe ygau+o couewaDwce c 6opyoæc›mum upmeuaum, ænage+meu opywmeu, upmeuaum ucmxonormuec›oro æosgeucwæme. Og+a›o ›ynau+ɵu 6ou uo upew+euy sa+muaew æ

+mx æegyyee uecwo.

B pas+ou uecw+ocwm upmeuɵ 6ysɵ ownmuanmca uewgy co6ou, xowe uewgy +mum uow+o sauewmwa cxogcwæo. Bce upmeuɵ 6ysɵ uogpasgeneDwce +a cocwesawena+ɵe m upm›nag+ɵe. Cocwesawena+ae 6ysa coupoæowgana upasg+m›m m ›ynau+ɵe 6om. Mepeg ›awgɵu 6oeu yuacw+m›m oroæapmæanm upaæmna m gouycwmuɵe upmeuɵ. B wpagmymo++ou 6yse +e gouyc›anoca +a+ocmwa ygapɵ couep+m›y uo sawɵn›y m æ uaxoæyD o6nacwa, 6mwa ronoæou o seunD, nouawa uanayɵ. Ta›we +e gouycwmuo 6ɵno upmue+e+me 6oeæoro mnm uogpyu+oro opywme.

B æoe++ɵx cpawe+mex 6ys+m›m geucwæoæanm 6es orpa+mue+mu (pmc. 91).

upmue+e+meu bysɵ: 1 – uogcwaæ›a æ uax; 2 – uogcwaæ›a no›weu

Pmcy+o› 91. bou c

Tpagmymo++ae 6ysa +auoum+aew c›o6apa. O+a mmpo›o mcuonasoæanaca æ Tæepc›ou ry6ep+mm. Moæege+me 6ys+m›a uoxowe +a noua+me mnm uoæege+me uae+oro uenoæe›a (pmc. 92). O+o coupoæowganoca oupegene++ɵum pmwyanaum. B wpagmymo++ou 6yse cnow+o æɵgenmwa ›a›me-nm6o ›o+›pew+ɵe upmeuɵ m wex+m›m. ¶eucwæme 6ys+m›a æos+m›aDw cwmxmu+o m saæmcew ow cmwyaymm m uoæege+me upowmæ+m›a.

6ys+m›oæ uepeg 6oeu

Pmcy+o› 92. Voua+me

B 90-e rogɵ upomnoro æe›a wpagmymo++ae 6ysa upeæpawmnaca æ coæpeue++yD m›ony py›ouam+oro 6oe, oc+oæaweneu ›owopou cwan F. H. basnoæ. bysa æ›nDuaew uoumuo upmeuoæ py›ouam+oro 6oe eye 6oeæɵe unec m a›po6awm›y, ænage+me 6oeæɵu opywmeu.

boeæou unec upegcwaæneew co6ou pasum+›y uepeg 6oeu (pmc. 93). O+ +auoum+aew pycc›mu uywc›ou wa+ey m uouoraew pasuewa uɵmyɵ m cycwaæɵ. Mnec›a æupmceg›y uouoraew 6ouyy pasuewa +orm. B 6oD swo uouoraew 6ɵcwpo m ner›o uepeueyawace æo æpeue awa›m m saymwɵ. Voua+me uouoraew pasuewa æepx+DD uacwa wena – uosæo+ou+m›, uneueæou uoec. Bce æuecwe saweu upmæogmw 6ouya æ cocwoe+me rowoæ+ocwm › gæmwe+mD, a s+aumw m 6oD.

unec-pasum+›a: 1 – 3 – uocnegoæawena+ocwa gæmwe+mu

Pmcy+o› 93. boeæou

bouyɵ o6yuaDwce wa›we uanou+ouy 6oD, upmue+e+mD xonog+oro opywme (+ow), cwpena6e m uewa+mD. ¶ouon+mwena+o o+m msyuaDw æege+me 6oe c uouoyaD uogpyu+ɵx cpegcwæ.

B uanou+ou 6oD mcuonasyDwce pasnmu+ɵe æmgɵ uano›. B saæmcmuocwm ow mx gnm+ɵ m wonym+ɵ, ue+eewce wex+m›a mx upmue+e+me. Cueymana+o o6yue++ɵe 6ouyɵ uoryw æecwm 6ou gæyue uan›aum og+oæpeue++o mnm mcuonasoæawa uan›y m +ow. Coæpeue++ae 6ysa oc+oæɵæaewce +a ygap+ɵx m 6opyoæc›mx upmeuax.

B cxæaw›e c upowmæ+m›ou a›wmæ+o upmue+eDwce saxæawɵ, sanauɵæaDyme m ygymaDyme upmeuɵ. B +e›owopou cweue+m 6ysa +auoum+aew cmcweuy Kagou+m›oæa. bou æ 6yse upoxogmw 6ɵcwpo m wecw›o. bysa æ›nDuaew æosgeucwæme +a upowmæ+m›a +a æcex ypoæ+ex, uoswouy æ uogrowoæ›y 6ouyoæ æ›nDue+a +e wona›o Ømsmuec›ae, +o m ucmxonormuec›ae cocwaæneDyae.

Cueymana+ae ucmxonormuec›ae uogrowoæ›a o6yuaew 6ouya cuoco6au yupaæne+me æ+mua+me m cos+a+me. 3wo uosæoneew c 6onameu sØØe›wmæ+ocwa mcuonasoæawa 6oeæɵe upmeuɵ.

boeæae cucwema Kagou+uıoæa

boeæae cmcweua Kagou+m›oæa mcuonasyewce æ py›ouam+ou 6oD. O+a mueew +ayu+oe o6oc+oæa+me m uocwpoe+a +a wex+m›ax, ›owopɵe uouoraDw æɵwmwa æ s›cwpeuana+ɵx cmwyaymex æ wou umcne æ ycnoæmex py›ouam+oro 6oe. B oc+oæe cmcweuɵ Kagou+m›oæa s+a+me Ømsm›m, uaweuawm›m, a+awoumm m Ømsmonormm uenoæe›a. Bce æxogeyme æ +ee upmeuɵ py›ouam+oro 6oe uogum+eDwce sa›o+au 6mouexa+m›m.

B cmcweuy Kagou+m›oæa æxogew upmeuɵ m wex+m›m, paspa6owa++ɵe æ +auane upomnoro

æe›a B. A, Cumpmgo+oæɵu. Hx oc+oæou eæneDwce upmeuɵ gwmy-gwmwcy. Og+a›o uo+auany o+m +e uonyumnm mmpo›oro upms+a+me. B uepmog Benm›ou Oweuecwæe++ou æou+ɵ upmeuɵ py›ouam+oro 6oe cwanm æospowgawace. Mocne 1945 r. u+orme sØØe›wmæ+ɵe upmeuɵ py›ouam+oro 6oe 6ɵnm sace›peue+ɵ. A. A. Kagou+m›oæ sa+muance msyue+meu wex+m›m m upmeuoæ py›ouam+oro 6oe m æ pesynawawe cmcweuawmsmpoæan m gopa6owan +acnegme cæomx upegmecwæe++m›oæ.

C 1962 r. æ +ameu cwpa+e msue+mnce uogxog › æoe++ou uogrowoæ›e apumm, m o6yue+me py›ouam+ouy 6oD upmo6peno ue+amee s+aue+me. B pesynawawe u+orme wex+m›m m upmeuɵ py›ouam+oro 6oe mc›nDumnm ms uporpauuɵ æom+c›ou uogrowoæ›m. A. A. Kagou+m›oæy yganoca æospogmwa sa6ɵwɵe s+a+me m s+aumwena+o mx pacmmpmwa. Cmcweua Kagou+m›oæa eæneewce y+mæepcana+ou gne æɵwmæa+me æ s›cwpeuana+ɵx ycnoæmex.

Mogrowoæ›a uo cmcweue Kagou+m›oæa æ›nDuaew yue+me opme+wmpoæawace +a uecw+ocwm, æɵwmæawa æ pasnmu+ɵx upesæɵuau+ɵx cmwyaymex m +aæɵ›m py›ouam+oro 6oe m ænage+me opywmeu. boeæɵe upmeuɵ swou cmcweuɵ eæneDwce spro+oumu+ɵum, w. e. upocwɵum æ mcuon+e+mm, s›o+ou+o pacxogyDymum s+eprmD. bouyy +e +yw+o æ›nagɵæawa æcD cmny æ ygap. Ero sagaua sa›nDuaewce æ m+ou. B cæesm c swmu, gawe pa+e++ɵu uenoæe› uowew o›asawa coupowmæne+me upowmæ+m›y m uo6egmwa.

B ›+mre «Pycc›mu py›ouam+ɵu 6ou» A. A. Kagou+m›oæ pacc›asɵæaew o6 oco6e++ocwex pycc›oro py›ouam+oro 6oe. O+ uogpasgeneew ero +a cuopwmæ+ɵu, apueuc›mu m umnmyeuc›mu (æ +acwoeyee æpeue ero 6ɵ +asæanm uonmyeuc›mu).

Cuopwmæ+ɵu py›ouam+ɵu 6ou æegewce c co6nDge+meu upaæmn, upegowæpayaDymx

+a+ece+me wewenɵx wpaæu couep+m›aum. Apueuc›mu py›ouam+ɵu 6ou upoæogmwce 6es

›a›mx-nm6o orpa+mue+mu, wa› ›a› æegewce æ ycnoæmex æoe++ɵx geucwæmu. Mmnmyeuc›mu py›ouam+ɵu 6ou mueew sa›o+ogawena+ɵe orpa+mue+me, +o ownmuaewce ow cuopwmæ+oro. B

›awgou ms swmx æmgoæ py›ouam+oro 6oe cyyecwæyDw cæom m›onɵ, a s+aumw wex+m›m m upmeuɵ. Mo u+e+mD A. A. Kagou+m›oæa, cuopwmæ+ɵe cocwesa+me +enase æ uon+ou uepe

+asæawa py›ouam+ɵu 6oeu. Vcnoæme æ cuopwe s+aumwena+o ownmuaDwce ow wex cmwyaymu, æ

›owopɵx æos+m›aew +eo6xogmuocwa æ upmue+e+mm wex+m›m py›ouam+oro 6oe æ peana+ou wms+m. K wouy we, 6ou æ cuopwe orpa+mue+ uo æpeue+m, m uocne +ero ecwa æosuow+ocwa owgɵxa. B 6oeæou o6cwa+oæ›e æce m+aue, uoswouy +acwoeymu 6oey s+aumwena+o ownmuaewce ow cuopwcue+a. Cmcweua Kagou+m›oæa upegaeæneew 6ouyau 6onamme wpe6oæa+me m uouoraew oænagewa pasnmu+ɵum +aæɵ›aum. Hacwoeymu 6oey yueew æecwm nD6ou 6ou (py›ouam+ɵu, uanou+ɵu, c xonog+ɵu opywmeu), o+ uew›o cwpeneew uo +ore 6es upmyenmæa+me, ow 6egpa, opme+wmpyeca +a sæy› mnm cæewoæou cmr+an (æcuɵm›y). K ero gocwom+cwæau ow+ocmwce yue+me upoæogmwa pasæegɵæawena+ɵe ouepaymm m upm swou ocwawace +esaueue++ɵu.

Hacwoeymu 6oey ucmxonormuec›m ycwouumæ m uew›o geucwæyew æ s›cwpeuana+ɵx ycnoæmex (pmc. 94).

6oD

Pmcy+o› 94. Mpmeu cmcweuɵ Kagou+m›oæa æ +epaæ+ou

Bce m›onɵ pycc›oro py›ouam+oro 6oe opme+wmpoæa+ɵ +a uogrowoæ›y sgopoæoro, Ømsmuec›m pasæmworo uenoæe›a. O+m wpe6yDw 6onamou cmnɵ m æɵ+ocnmæocwm. Og+a›o æ æoe++ɵx ycnoæmex swm ›auecwæa ner›o ywpaumæaDwce, m upmue+mwa 6oeæou upmeu æ uon+ou uepe uowew o›asawace sawpyg+mwena+o. Mpowmæ+m› uowew o›asawace 6onee cmna+ɵu m uogrowoæne++ɵu. Cmcweua Kagou+m›oæa uouoraew cupaæmwace c wa›mu upowmæ+m›ou. Mpm swou sawpaumæaewce um+muana+oe ›onmuecwæo s+eprmm. Bce upmeuɵ py›ouam+oro 6oe uocwpoe+ɵ +a 6mouexa+m›e uenoæeuec›oro wena.

Cmcweua Kagou+m›oæa uogpasyueæaew +e wona›o Ømsmuec›yD, +o m m+wenne›wyana+yD m ucmxonormuec›yD uogrowoæ›y 6ouya. B xoge u+oroumcne++ɵx wpe+m+roæ 6ouyɵ yuawce æ upesæɵuau+ou cmwyaymm cocpegowaumæawace +a geucwæmm m coxpa+ewa cuo›oucwæme m æɵco›me Ømsmuec›yD m yucwæe++yD pa6owocuoco6+ocwa.

B cmcweue Kagou+m›oæa py›ouam+ɵu 6ou eæneewce 6oeæɵu geucwæmeu. O+ upoæogmwce +a

›opow›ou gmcwa+ymm, m ero sagaua – o›o+uawena+o uopasmwa upowmæ+m›a. O6yue+me uo cmcweue Kagou+m›oæa upoxogmw æ cuogenmpoæa++ɵx cmwyaymex, ›owopɵe uoryw cnowmwace æ peana+ocwm. Mpm swou 6ouyɵ yuawce +axogmwa pasnmu+ɵe m æcerga +oæɵe peme+me.

Tpagmymo++ɵe 6oeæɵe mc›yccwæa upegcwaæneDw co6ou upmeuɵ, ›owopɵe uo cywm eæneDwce sayue++ɵum geucwæmeum gne ›o+›pew+ou cmwyaymm, uoswouy 6ouyy +eo6xogmuo 6ɵcwpo oye+mæawa ›awgoe ur+oæe+me m æɵuon+ewa geucwæme co cnow+ou ›oopgm+aymeu gæmwe+mu. B upesæɵuau+ou cmwyaymm uenoæe› +a æce pearmpyew peØne›wop+o. O+ uowew sa6ɵwa u+oro›paw+o owpa6owa++ɵe gæmwe+me m o›asawace 6essaymw+ɵu. Pycc›mu py›ouam+ɵu 6ou uo cmcweue Kagou+m›oæa æegewce aæwouawmuec›m, +a ypoæ+e 6esycnoæ+ɵx

peØne›coæ. Mewogm›a o6yue+me +e upegycuawpmæaew upmeuoæ mnm wa›wm› +a æce æosuow+ɵe geucwæme upowmæ+m›a. Og+a›o o+a uouoraew æ ›awgou cnyuae copme+wmpoæawace m

æɵmrpawa.

Pasæmwme pycc›oro py›ouam+oro 6oe æo u+orou cæesa+o c mue+aum æenm›mx uon›oæogyeæ

– A. B. Cyæopoæa, M. A. Pyue+yeæa, M. H. Kywysoæa. Mepæoe uoco6me uo æege+mD py›ouam+oro 6oe «Vue+me m xmwpocwa paw+oro cwpoe+me uexow+ɵx nDgeu» æɵmno æ Poccmm æ 1647 r.

Py›ouam+ɵu 6ou uowew 6ɵwa pas+ɵu, æ saæmcmuocwm ow umcna yuacw+m›oæ, +anmume opywme, æɵuon+eeuɵx geucwæmu. Og+a›o rnaæ+oe, uwo ænmeew +a ero xog – swo gmcwa+yme uewgy upowmæ+m›aum. H. H. Os+o6mmm+ ›naccmØmympoæan gmcwa+ymD æ py›ouam+ou 6oD cnegyDymu o6pasou:

4 – 6 maroæ (6ou c upmue+e+meu umcwonewa, +oweu, ›au+eu m gp.);

3 – 4 mara (6ou c upmue+e+meu 6onamou cauep+ou nouawɵ, yeum mnm uan›m); 2 – 3 mara (6ou c awa›ou +oraum);

1 – 2 mara (›ynau+ɵu 6ou);

1 mar mnm æunow+yD › upowmæ+m›y, +o 6es o6xæawa (6ou c upmue+e+meu upmeuoæ, æɵuon+eeuɵx ronoæou, no›weum m ›one+eum).

Cmcweua Kagou+m›oæa uosæoneew æecwm py›ouam+ɵu 6ou +a æcex uepeumcne++ɵx gmcwa+ymex. O+a æ›nDuaew upmeuɵ saymwɵ m +auage+me. O6ɵu+o upogonwmwena+ocwa 6oe

c mcuonasoæa+meu swmx upmeuoæ +e upeæɵmaew 1 – 1,5 um+. Ka› upaæmno, 6ou +aum+aewce co c6nmwe+me upowmæ+m›oæ m sa›a+umæaewce +a seune uocne o›o+uawena+oro uopawe+me og+oro ms yuacw+m›oæ.

«Cu6upcıuu BaD+»

H›ona pycc›oro 6oe «Cm6mpc›mu BaD+» uoggepwmæaew wpagmymo++ɵe cocwesawena+ɵe m 6oeæɵe pycc›me wpagmymm. O+a o6yuaew wex+m›e æege+me py›ouam+oro ›ynau+oro 6oe,

›owopae sa›nDuaewce æ a›po6awmuec›mx yupaw+e+mex, ygap+ɵx m 6poc›oæɵx upmeuax, pasnmu+ɵx cuoco6ax uepeueye+me c yuewou gmcwa+ymm uewgy upowmæ+m›aum. Ta›we 6ouyɵ msyuaDw ucmxonormuec›me upmeuɵ cauoperyneymm m æosgeucwæme +a upowmæ+m›a.

Tpagmymo++o æceu 6ouyau upmumcɵæaewce wa›oe ›auecwæo ›a› uywecwæo. O+o uogpasyueæaew yæepe++ocwa æ ce6e m +anmume wms+e++ɵx upm+ymuoæ, yue+me uocwoewa sa ce6e m upeogonewa cwpax, æɵgepw›y m pemmwena+ocwa.

Pocc

POCC – swo Poccmuc›ae oweuecwæe++ae cmcweua cauosaymwɵ. O+a paspa6owa+a A. H. PewD+c›mx m ow+ocmwce › pycc›ouy py›ouam+ouy 6oD.

POCC paspa6owa+a +a oc+oæe gsDgo m cau6o. Bxogew æ +ee m gpyrme æmgɵ py›ouam+oro 6oe m cauosaymwɵ. Ownmumwena+ou oco6e++ocwaD POCC eæneewce owcywcwæme uew›o æɵpawe++ɵx upmeuoæ. Cmcweua cauosaymwɵ oc+oæɵæaewce +a ecwecwæe++ɵx gæmwe+mex uenoæe›a, w. e. 6mouexa+m›e. B saæmcmuocwm ow cnowmæmeuce cmwyaymm, mx uow+o mcuonasoæawa uo-pas+ouy. B 1998 r. POCC uonyumna upms+a+me æ ›auecwæe cauocwoewena+oro 6oeæoro mc›yccwæa.

B s›cwpeuana+ɵx ycnoæmex uepeg ›awgɵu wmæɵu opra+msuou cwomw uepæoouepeg+ae sagaua – æɵwmæa+me. ¶ne sworo +eo6xogmuo cupaæmwce co cwpeccou m +auwm peme+me gne ynyume+me cæoero uonowe+me, upeogone+me s›cwpeuana+ɵx ycnoæmu. POCC pasæmæaew wa›me ›auecwæa, ›a› cwpeccoycwouumæocwa, +axogumæocwa, mso6pewawena+ocwa.

POCC uosæoneew æ upesæɵuau+o cnow+ɵx ycnoæmex coxpa+mwa æɵgepw›y m cauoo6naga+me, æecwm py›ouam+ɵu 6ou m upm swou upoeænewa m+wenne›w. Mpm msyue+mm POCC uouon+eDwce pasnmu+ɵe s+a+me sa›o+oæ upmpogɵ, uouoraDyme æɵwmwa æ

+ecwa+gapw+ɵx ycnoæmex.

POCC æ uoegm+›e c upowmæ+m›ou uogpasyueæaew æsamuogeucwæme, oc+oæa++oe +a s+a+mex a+awoumm, Ømsmonormm, Ømsm›m m ucmxonormm. Mo6mna+ocwa 6ouya uosæoneew +ecwa+gapw+o geucwæoæawa æ ycnoæmex 6oe m ogepwawa uo6egy.

Oc+oæ+ɵe gæmwe+me æ POCC uow+o mcuonasoæawa uo-pas+ouy, uoswouy upowmæ+m›y cnow+o upocumwawa cæom geucwæme m upoæecwm ›o+wpawa›y. K upmuepy, æ owæew +a saxæaw py›m POCC uosæoneew mcuonasoæawa +ec›ona›o gecew›oæ geucwæmu gne saymwɵ m

›o+wpawa›m.

POCC couewaewce co u+ormum æmgaum egm+o6opcwæ. Ha oc+oæe POCC uow+o æɵuon+mwa u+orme upmeuɵ ms +mx. BnageDymu egm+o6opcwæaum +e upmxogmwce uepeyumæawace gne ocæoe+me POCC.

Mpocwowa geucwæmu æ POCC, mx spro+oumu+ocwa (um+muana+ɵe sawpawɵ s+eprmm +a æɵuon+e+me) pacmmpeDw æosuow+ocwm æ 6oD. Cmn xæawaew +a upogonwmwena+ɵu 6ou c pasnmu+ɵum o6cwoewenacwæaum (o6yee Ømsmuec›oe ocna6ne+me, pa+e+me, upeæocxogcwæo upowmæ+m›a). POCC uosæoneew æecwm 6ou +e wona›o +a ow›pɵwou uecw+ocwm, +o m æ ycnoæmex orpa+mue++oro upocwpa+cwæa, +aupmuep æ necy, sapocnex mnm æ uoueye+mm.

POCC uow+o upmue+mwa æ 6oD æ æoge, +a sa6onoue++ou uecw+ocwm mnm +a nagy.

B upoyecce ocæoe+me POCC upmue+eDwce a›po6awmuec›me upmeuɵ. A›po6awmuec›me gæmwe+me uouoraDw æɵpa6owawa gæmrawena+ɵe 6oeæɵe +aæɵ›m. O+m mcuonasyDwce æ 6oD

›a› caum uo ce6e, wa› m æ couewa+mm c gpyrmum geucwæmeum. Mepexogɵ ow og+oro geucwæme › gpyrouy upomcxogew ecwecwæe++ɵu o6pasou, æ ownmume ow u+ormx gpyrmx m›on py›ouam+oro 6oe.

Mpm o6yue+mm POCC mcuonasyDwce gæmwe+me ms +apog+ɵx wa+yeæ. O+m eæneDwce cæoeo6pas+ou pasum+›ou, pacmmpeDw gæmrawena+ɵe æosuow+ocwm m +aæɵ›m, uouoraDw sØØe›wmæ+o gæmrawace æ 6oD pasnmu+ɵu o6pasou. Haupmuep, gæmwe+me ms wa+yeæ æupmceg›y æ couewa+mm c a›po6awm›ou (›yæɵp›aum) uosæoneDw cgenawa 6poco› æ nD6ou

+aupaæne+mm. Ta›ae ua+eæpe++ocwa cosgaew æ py›ouam+ou 6oD gouon+mwena+oe upemuyyecwæo.

O6yue+me POCC æ›nDuaew sa+ewme, +aupaæne++ɵe +a paccna6ne+me uɵmy, uepexog ow

+aupewe++oro cocwoe+me › paccna6ne+mD, ›o+ye+wpaymD cmnɵ (uepexog ow paccna6ne++oro cocwoe+me › +aupewe++ouy). 3wo uouoraew +ayumwace ænagewa cæomu wenou, uwo eæneewce

+eo6xogmuɵu +aæɵ›ou gne py›ouam+oro 6oe.

B m›onax POCC uporpauuɵ o6yue+me paccumwa+ɵ +a pasnmu+ɵe æospacw+ɵe ›aweropmm m

+auana+ɵe ypoæ+m Ømsmuec›ou m 6oeæou uogrowoæ›m. Bo æpeue o6yue+me POCC upmue+eDw yupaw+e+me, ynyumaDyme gɵxa+me, uogæmw+ocwa cycwaæoæ, pasæmæaDyme unacwmu+ocwa gæmwe+mu, y›peuneDyme cæesou+ɵu auuapaw. B POCC mcuonasyDwce 6oneæɵe upmeuɵ,

›owopɵe uouoraDw æɵæecwm upowmæ+m›a ms cwpoe.

Bce yupaw+e+me æ m›onax POCC (a›po6awmuec›me, wa+yeæana+ɵe, gɵxawena+ɵe m gp.) ouwmuana+ɵu o6pasou uepeuewaDwce c ygap+ɵum, upowmæosaxæaw+ɵum upmeuaum, oc+oæa++ɵum +a peØne›wop+ɵx geucwæmex.

POCC wa›we æ›nDuaew ænage+me pasnmu+ɵum æmgaum opywme, ›owopoe uow+o mcuonasoæawa æ py›ouam+ou 6oD.

Cam6o

Cau6o – cauoo6opo+a 6es opywme. 3wa ›ouune›c+ae cmcweua cauoo6opo+ɵ ow+ocmwce › egm+o6opcwæau. Paspa6owa+a o+a æ 1938 rogy æ CCCP. Cau6o uogpasgeneewce +a cuopwmæ+oe m 6oeæoe. O+o æ›nDuaew orpou+oe ›onmuecwæo saymw+ɵx m awa›yDymx upmeuoæ (uouwm 5000).

Hs+auana+o cau6o upa›wm›oæanoca ›a› +oæɵu æmg cuopwa, ›owopɵu uogxogmw +e wona›o gne copeæ+oæa+mu, +o m cauosaymwɵ upm +auage+mm, a wa›we gne uogrowoæ›m cowpyg+m›oæ upaæooxpa+mwena+ɵx opra+oæ.

B cuopwmæ+ou cau6o upmue+eDwce pasnmu+ɵe 6oneæɵe m ygymaDyme upmeuɵ, 6poc›m. Cuopwmæ+oe cau6o cwano uouynep+ɵu æmgou cuopwa m msæecw+o gane›o sa upegenaum +ameu cwpa+ɵ. boeæoe cau6o æ +acwoeyee æpeue æxogmw æ uporpauuy uogrowoæ›m æoopywe++ɵx cmn cwpa+ɵ m æ›nDuaew +e wona›o wex+m›m py›ouam+oro 6oe, +o m ænage+me opywmeu, cueymana+ɵe +aæɵ›m (cæesɵæa+me, ›o+æompoæa+me m gp.).

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