THE COLLOQUIAL STYLE.

The term ‘colloquial speech’ is applied by researchers to careless, unconventional, free-and-easy everyday speech of only those who are well educated and can speak 'correct' literary English perfectly well, whenever it is necessary.

exists in written and spoken varieties: dialogue, monologue, personal letters, diaries, various notes, etc.

When written, the function of the colloquial styleis to render the specificity of everyday conversation and informal speech.

The specific features of the colloquial language are:

1) the spontaneous character of communication;

2) the private character of communication;

3) face-to-faceness or immediacy.

These features are reflected in the following peculiarities:

Prefabrication

The colloquial style has a great amount of ready-made formulae and clichés or stereotyped units which ease a spontaneous conversation.

Here belong social phrases like greetings (e.g. hello, how are you?), thanks and responses

Creativity (spontaneousle, so –new words are used:doggie, duckie)

Compression

The colloquial speech is usually economical and laconic. It is reflected in the following language phenomena:

-contracted forms, abbreviations and clipped words (e.g. ads for advertisements, ice for ice-cream, TV for television, CD for compact disk; we‘ve for we have);

-words of broad semantics with the meaning specified by the situation (e.g. do, get, fix, nice, some, one).

– extensive use of phrasal verbs (e.g. let smb down, put up with);

– simplicity of syntax.

Emphatic intonation as a powerful semantic and stylistic instrument capable to render subtle nuances of thought and feeling.

Vocabulary i s a noticeable aspect of the colloquial style.

It may be subdivided into

a) literary,

b) familiar, and

c) low colloquial layers.

11.THE BELLES-LETTRES STYLE (THE SUBSTYLE OF POETRY)

The belles-lettres style falls into 3 substyles 1) The lng of poetry (verse); 2) Emotive prose (lng of fiction); 3)The lng of the drama.

All of them perform the common aesthetico-cognitive function which aims at the cognitive process on the one hand, & at the receiving pleasure on the other one.

Common linguistic feature s are: 1)Genuine, not trite, imagery, achieved by purely linguistic devices. 2)The use of wds in contextual and very often in more than one dictionary meaning, or at least greatly influenced by the lexical environment. 3)A voc reflects to a greater or lesser degree the author’s personal evaluation of things or phenomena. 4)A peculiar individual selection of voc and syntax (lexical and syntactical idiosyncrasy);

One of the most distinctive properties of the belles-lettres style is its being individual in essence.

Among the lexical peculiarities of verse the first to be mentioned is fresh, unexpected imagery which assumes in poetry a very compressed form.

Images from a linguistic point of view are mostly built on metaphor, metonymy and simile. Images may be concrete: (visual images; aural images ( onomatopoeia))and abstract: relational images showing the rel btw objects through another kind of relation (E.g. Heroes of unwritten story).

In poetry the emotional element is embodied in emotionally-coloured words.

Brevity of expression, epigram-like utterances and peculiar syntactical structures are also distinguishing features of poetry. But the first differentiating property of poetry, or verse is mainly based on the rhythm and rhyme. The most observable and widely recognized compositional patterns of rhythm making up classical verse are based on: 1)alteration of stressed an unstressed syllables, 2) an equal number of syllables in the lines, 3)a natural pause at the end of the line, the line being a more or less complete semantic unit, 4)identity of stanza pattern, 5)established patterns of rhyming.

Classic English verse is called syllabo-tonic. Two parameters are taken into account in defining the measure in English verse rhythm: the number of syllables (syllabo) and the distribution of stresses (tonic).

In general, rhythm is an alternation or an interchange of strong and weak segments str & unstr syllables).

The smallest segment of a verse line is the foot (стихотворная стопа) that consists of one str syll & one or two unstr ones. The structure of the foot determines the metre (размер, метр, ритм), i.e. the type of poetic rhythm of the line. The most recognizable Eng metrical patterns are two disyllabic and three trisyllabic metres: 1)iambus (a metrical foot consisting of 2 syll: unstr one, followed by a str one) 2)trochee (-//- 2 syll, 1^st –str, 2^nd unstr), 3) dactyl (3 syll, 1^st-str, 2^nd & 3^rd unstr) 4) amphibrach (3 syll, srt syll btw 2 unstr syll) 5)anapaest (3 syll, 2 unstr syll followed by 1 str syll). English verse is predominantly iambic pentameter (пятистопный ямб). Rhyme - the identity of sounds btw syll or paired groups of syll, usu at the end of the verse line. Rhyming element= lastr str vowel + all sounds following it. Types of rhyming elements: 1) monosyllable(love/above- masculine rh), 2) 2 syllable (wether/together- feminine rh/double rh), 3) 3 sylls (glamorous/amorous- triple rh). These rhyming pairs are examples of full rhyme also called true rhyme.

A wrd rhymes with a wrd-group (compound, or mosaic rhymes): famous/ same as.

‘Eye-rhymes' (half-rhyme/ 'rhymes for the eye' whenthe endings are pronounced quite diff-ly, but the spelling is identical or similar (love/ prove). Rhymeless verse is called blank verse.

The largest unit in verse is the stanza (also called a strophe) (строфа). It is composed of a number of lines having a definite measure and rhyming system which is repeated throughout the poem.

There are many widely recognized stanza patterns in Eng poetry: 1.The heroic (эпический) couplet( It is a stanza that consists of two iambic pentameters with the rhyming pattern aa) 2. The Spencerian stanza consists of nine lines, the first eight of which are iambic pentameters and the ninth is one foot longer ababbcbcc. 3. The ottava rima A stanza consisting of eight lines, each of them iambic pentameter abababcc 4. ballad stanza oldest from of Eng verse characteristic of folk ballads. The metre is the iambus, but it is not strictly kept to. The stanza consists of four lines. abcb 5. The sonnet is a stanza which at the same time is a complete poem in itself. A sonnet is a verse of fourteen lines (iambic pentameters). The rhyming must be strictly observed. ababcdcdefefgg. The most clearly observable characteristic feat of the sonnet on the content plane is the epigram-like last line (or last two lines)

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