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Conventional sings on plans. Reading plans.
At land organization drawing lessons students study how to draw a plan of the site.
Various features of the earth’s surface are pictured on plans by means of conventional signs. The purpose of them is to convey a clear image of the country and help one understand the contents of the plan.
For reading plans with the aid of conventional signs the signs are made resemble to the features they represent. The skill of plan or map reading is the skill of interpreting the country represented from the conventional signs. The names of certain objects such as rivers, seas, settlements, etc. are helpful in understanding their contents. Reading plans and using them to solve various problems is an important part of the geodetic training.
Plans are drawn with the use of conventional signs. Conventional signs are drawn either to scale or out of scale. The former are used to represent features in correspondence with the scale of the plan. These symbols on the plan give not only the position of the object but its dimensions as well. If an object is too small to be represented with the conventional sign to scale, it is drawn out of scale. The objects represented by such conventional signs occupy more space on the plan than if they are drawn by the scale.
Out of scale symbols are extensively used on maps, for instance, railroads and highways. The axis of a railroad or highway is drawn in correspondence to the position of its horizontal projection in nature, but the width of the road is somewhat exaggerated.
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Plans are finished with the aid of ink. The yellow-green colour goes for water reservoirs (lakes, rivers, ponds) as well as for swamps, saline ground and water-bogged areas; brown ink goes to indicate the relief and sands; black ink- the rest of features as well as inscriptions. The water space is painted either pale blue in the case of fresh water, or lilac in the case of salty waters. Students should know how to picture plough lands, meadows, pasture, mixed forests, cut-out forests and field roads. These are important conventional sings:
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Orchards Meadows Plough lands Field roads Cut-out forests
Vegetable gardens Water-bogged meadows Sands
Word List
| land organization drawing lesson- урок землевпорядного креслення conventional signs- умовні позначки draw a plan – креслити план site- місцевість by means/ with the aid – за допомогою to convey an image – пояснити зображення content - зміст resemble - схожий the skill of interpreting the country – мистецтво зображувати місцевість settlements - поселення to be helpful- ставати в пригоді to solve problems – вирішувати проблему to scale - масштаб out of scale – поза масштабом | in correspondence with – відповідно до dimension – розмір to occupy space – займати місце extensively used – широко використовується highways- шосе axis of a railroad – залізничні шляхи horizontal projection- горизонтальне проектування to exaggerate - перебільшувати ink - чорнила swamp - болото saline ground - солончаки water-bogged areas – заболочені ділянки inscription - надпис fresh water- прісна вода cut-out forest - вирубка plough lands- орні землі meadows- луки pasture- пасовища |
Вправа 1
Перекладіть словосполучення українською мовою:
conventional signs, to solve problems, out of scale signs, extensively used, reading plans, to picture meadows, horizontal projection, water-bogged areas, land organization drawing lesson, the earth’s surface, fresh water, cut-out forest, plough lands
Вправа 2
Дайте відповіді на запитання:
1. Are various features of the earth’s surface pictured on plans?
2. What isthe purpose of conventional signs?
3. What is helpful in understanding the contents of plans?
4. Can conventional signs be drawn out of scale?
5. What kinds of signs are used if an object is too small.
6. How do we finish plans?
Вправа 3
Вставте пропущені слова:
1. Various features of the earth’s surface are pictured by means ………….
2. The purpose of conventional signs is to help ……………
3. ………………. are helpful in understanding plan’s contents.
4. Conventional signs are drawn either ……………………
5. If an object is ……………., it is drawn out of scale.
6. Out of scale symbols are …………… on maps.
7. Plans are finished with …………..
Вправа 4
Розмістіть речення таким чином, щоб вони були планом прочитаного тексту:
1. Out of scale symbols are extensively used on maps
2. The names of certain objects such as rivers, seas, settlements, etc. are helpful in understanding their contents.
3. Plans are finished with the aid of ink.
4. Various features of the earth’s surface are pictured on plans by means of conventional signs. Conventional signs are drawn either to scale or out of scale.
5. If an object is too small to be represented with the conventional sign to scale, it is drawn out of scale.
6. The purpose of them is to convey a clear image of the country and help one understand the contents of the plan.
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