Cæanıa-cyeunenıa

Fnaæa 1

Łcwopue pyccıoro ıynau+oro 6oe

Teopue awaıu u tayuwɵ

Pycc›me ›ynau+ɵe 6om 6epyw cæoe +auano æ esɵuec›ou Pycm. Henase wou+o ys+awa gawy m gawe æe› mx sapowge+me, og+a›o newoumcey Hecwop yuoum+aew ›ynau+ɵe 6om æ «Moæecwm æpeue++ɵx new» (1048 r.), ocywgae yuacw+m›oæ uogo6+ɵx uo6omy. B cæesm c swmu owgena+ɵe mcwopm›m æɵgæmraDw rmuowesy o sapowge+mm sworo «pasæneue+me» æ IX æe›e mnm ropasgo pa+ame. Mogwæepgmwa mnm oupoæepr+ywa wa›me upeguonowe+me uo›a +eæosuow+o.

Hecuowpe +a owpmyawena+oe ow+ome+me › swou wpagmymm xpmcwma+c›ou yep›æm, ycwoeæmeuce +a Pycm c X æe›a, ›ynau+ɵe 6om upogonwanm cyyecwæoæawa, ›a› m u+orme gpyrme pycc›me o6ɵuam, cæesɵæae esɵuecwæo c xpmcwma+cwæou.

O pasæmwmm ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ c uepæoro yuoum+a+me æ newoumcm go +acwoeyero æpeue+m coxpa+mnoca gocwawou+o cæmgewenacwæ, uwo6ɵ cygmwa o wou, ›a›me msue+e+me upewepuena swa cocwesawena+ae mrpa.

3auag+ɵe mcwopm›m, msyuaDyme cuopw, m+orga ywæepwgaDw, uwo ›ynau+ɵe 6om cyyecwæoæanm wona›o æ a+wmu+ocwm, a uosg+ee uoeæmnmca +a bpmwa+c›mx ocwpoæax æ XIII æe›e. Mogo6+ɵe sa›nDue+me +eæep+ɵ, æega gocwoæep+o msæecw+o, uwo ›ynau+ɵe 6om +a Pycm cyyecwæoæanm sagonro go XIII æe›a.

Kpoue woro, mso6pawe+me ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ +auge+ɵ æ mepornmØax m pocumcex gpeæ+mx ymæmnmsaymu: ¶peæ+ero Ermuwa, Baæmno+a, 3reuc›ou ›ynawypɵ. Ha +mx uow+o yæmgewa æom+oæ, 6aDymxce uewgy co6ou mue++o +a ›yna›ax.

Hecuowpe +a pas+oo6pasme æmgoæ pycc›mx ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ, y+m›ana+ocwa mx æ cocwesa+mm

c upmæneue+meu 6onamoro umcna nDgeu og+oæpeue++o. 3wa sa6aæa m æ +amm g+m accoymmpyewce c›opee c 6onammum mrpmyaum, +ewenm co cuopwmæ+ɵu uoegm+›ou: 6onamoe umcno nDgeu uowew copeæ+oæawace ›oua+gaum mnm ›awgɵu cau sa ce6e.

CnegyDyeu cwpa+myeu pasæmwme ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ ywe uow+o +asæawa ¶peæ+DD FpeymD, rge muenmca oumca+me caumx 6oeæ m nere+gɵ, cæesa++ɵe c mx 6owecwæe++ɵu upomcxowge+meu. B a+wmu+ocwm ›ynau+ɵe 6om cumwanmca scwewmuec›m upmew+ɵu æmgou Ømsmuec›mx yupaw+e+mu, upmrog+ɵu wona›o gne cmna+ɵx m cuenɵx uywum+. Vwe worga æ

›ynau+ɵx 6oex yuacwæoæanm msæecw+ɵe nmu+ocwm: uoswɵ, umcawenm, yue+ɵe m gawe rocygapcwæe++ɵe geewenm. Hsæecw+o, uwo MmØarop yuacwæoæan æ Onmuumuc›mx mrpax m upa›wm›oæan swow æmg cuopwa.

B gpeæ+mx ymæmnmsaymex 6om upoæogmnmca +a ronɵx ›yna›ax mnm c ›owa+ɵum 6m+waum +a

›mcwex (upowowmu uepuawo›). Pycc›mu ›ynau+ɵu 6ou wa›we æegyw æ py›aæmyax, ›owopɵe cueruaDw ygapɵ, xowe swo upaæmno 6ɵno pacupocwpa+e+o +e cpasy.

Bugɵ pyccıoro ıynau+oro 6oe

Kynau+ɵe 6om msgpeæne genmnmca +a +ec›ona›o æmgoæ uo ›onmuecwæy yuacw+m›oæ m o6mmp+ocwm coo6yecwæ, æɵxogeymx gpyr +a gpyra.

M+ormu s+a›ouɵ æɵpawe+me «ynmya +a ynmyy», «cno6oga +a cno6ogy», «gepeæ+e +a gepeæ+D». Bce o+m cæesa+ɵ c mcwopmeu ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ. Kpoue woro, cyyecwæoæanm m 6om- uoegm+›m («ogm+ +a ogm+», «cau +a cau») +ec›ona›mx pas+oæmg+ocweu. Cpegm uaccoæɵx 6oeæ +am6onee uouynep+ɵ «cwe+›a +a cwe+›y» m «cyeunen›a-cæan›a».

Cwe+ıa +a cwe+ıy

Cwe+›a +a cwe+›y (cwe+om+ɵu 6ou) – cauɵu spenmy+ɵu m +am6onee msæecw+ɵu æmg uaccoæɵx ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ, ›owopɵe upoæogmnmca uo upasg+m›au mnm gne peme+me ›a›mx-wo æoupocoæ uewgy wmweneum pas+ɵx ynmy, pa6ow+m›aum pasnmu+ɵx upoØeccmu m w. g.

Kawgae cwopo+a æcwaæana æ cwe+›y (cunom+yD nm+mD ms nDgeu), ›owopae uorna cocwoewa ms +ec›ona›mx pegoæ, nmyou › gpyrou cwe+›e m uo ›oua+ge cwapanaca uo6opowa upowmæ+m›a: sacwaæmwa owcwyuawa, o6pawmwa æ 6ercwæo, upopegmwa cwe+›y mnm sacwaæmwa cgawace.

Mpomrpɵæana wa ›oua+ga, ›owopae owcwyuana sa upegenɵ o6os+aue++ou gne 6oe weppmwopmm mnm cwe+›a ›owopou «pæanaca» æ og+ou mnm +ec›ona›mx uecwax. Bosuowe+ 6ɵn m gpyrou æapma+w oupegene+me uo6egmweneu m upomrpaæmmx. bou upogonwance, uo›a og+a ms cwopo+

+e cgacwce (+aupmuep, ›orga æɵæege+a ms cwpoe 6onamae uacwa 6ouyoæ). Torga uocne

›awgoro owcwyune+me, æo æpeue +e6onamoro uepepɵæa, «owcwaDyme» ue+enm yuacw+m›oæ, wa›wm›y m uocwa+oæ›y æ cwe+›e, a saweu æ+oæa æɵcwyuanm upowmæ cæomx couep+m›oæ, uo›a

›a›ae-wo cwe+›a +e ogepwmæana o›o+uawena+yD uo6egy. Mocneg+mu oumca++ɵu æapma+w 6ɵn 6onee wecwo›mu, uacwo upmæogeymu › wewenɵu wpaæuau m gawe cuepweu yuacw+m›oæ, oco6e++o go ææege+me cueruaDymx mrpy upaæmn. Og+a›o mue++o wa›me mrpɵ gaæanm sa›an›y m rowoæmnm › +acwoeymu cpawe+meu.

Awa›y æenm c upmue+e+meu pas+ɵx æoe++ɵx upmeuoæ: cæm+aeu (›nm+ou), c saue+ou

6ouyoæ uepæoro pega +a 6ouyoæ uocneg+ero m w. g.

H+ocwpa++ɵe gmunouawɵ ywe c XVI æe›a owueuanm uonasy cwe+om+ɵx ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ gne Øopumpoæa+me æɵ+ocnmæocwm m cmnɵ pycc›mx æom+oæ. B cwe+›ax yuacwæoæanm æce, ow D+omeu go uowmnɵx uywum+. Mpm swou 6ou uor upoxogmwa æ wpm swaua: c+auana, c o6emx cwopo+ cxnecwɵæanmca uogpocw›m; saweu › cxæaw›e upmcoegm+enmca +ewe+awɵe D+omm;

+a›o+ey, æ 6ou æcwyuanm æspocnɵe uywum+ɵ. 3wauɵ uornm upogonwawace æuecwe mnm mgwm uo ouepegm, ogm+ uocne o›o+ua+me gpyroro.

Cerog+e swow æmg ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ eæneewce +am6onee pacupocwpa+e++ɵu, ero uow+o yæmgewa +e wona›o æ ›ny6ax uo mcwopmuec›ou pe›o+cwpy›ymm mnm sw+muec›mx uocene+mex,

+o m æo æpeue +apog+ɵx ryne+mu, 6onammx upasg+m›oæ, cæage6, uocne spenmy+ɵx cuopwmæ+ɵx uepoupmewmu æ ›auecwæe gouon+mwena+oro pasæneue+me, wpe+mpoæ›m m uo›asa Ømsmuec›mx cuoco6+ocweu. A æow cuop+ɵe æoupocɵ uyweu ›ynau+ou cwe+om+ou 6opa6ɵ æ

+amm g+m ywe +e pemaDw: uogo6+ɵe cocwesa+me «cwe+›a +a cwe+›y» +auoum+aDw c›opee 6om 6es upaæmn.

Cam +a cam

Cau +a cau (ogm+ +a ogm+) – ›ynau+ɵu uoegm+o›, cauɵu uoumwaeuɵu +a Pycm æmg

›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ. ¶æa couep+m›a cxogmnmca gpyr c gpyrou, uwo6ɵ pemmwa, ›wo ms +mx upaæ, mnm upocwo uouepmwace cmnou.

Kynau+ɵe uoegm+›m 6ɵæanm opra+msoæa++ɵum m cwmxmu+ɵum. B uepæou cnyuae 6ou uornm +as+aumwa sapa+ee, sa +ec›ona›o g+eu, mnm +a wow we ge+a, +o c yuacwmeu opra+msawopa, ›owopɵu æɵuon+en Øy+›ymD cygam. Cwmxmu+ɵe 6om upoæogmnmca, ›a› upaæmno, +a epuap›ax, æo æpeue +apog+ɵx ryne+mu, pewe – æ uoæceg+eæ+ɵx cmwyaymex.

Pycc›mu 6ou «cau +a cau» oue+a uoxogmn +a wpagmymo++ɵu a+rnmuc›mu 6o›c c ronɵum py›aum, uouynep+ɵu upmuep+o æ wo we æpeue. Og+a›o +a Pycm +ec›ona›o pa+ame 6ɵnm ycwa+oæne+ɵ cueruaDyme upaæmna: +e 6mwa newauero, +e mcuonasoæawa uewannmuec›me upeguewɵ m w. g. B A+rnmm uogo6+ɵe saupewɵ uoeæmnmca wona›o æ 1743 r.

H+wepece+ æmg ›ynau+oro uoegm+›a uog +asæa+meu «ygap +a ygap». B swou æapma+we yuacw+m›m +a+ocmnm gpyr gpyry ygapɵ uo ouepegm. Kouy 6mwa uepæouy, oupegenenm uo wpe6mD mnm æsamu+ouy cornacmD (6onee cmna+ɵu uor ycwyumwa upaæo uepæoro ygapa couep+m›y, ecnm cumwan ero cna6ee ce6e). Ta›me ›ynau+ɵe 6om muenm xapa›wep pasæneue+mu m upa›wmuec›m +e mcuonasoæanmca gne æɵec+e+me ow+ome+mu. Mpm swou +epeg›m 6ɵnm cnyuam, ›orga æeca 6ou sa›a+umæance uocne uepæoro ygapa: couep+m› +e uor æcwawa ms-sa wewenou wpaæuɵ mnm uo upmum+e c›opouocwmw+ou ›o+um+ɵ. Moswouy 6ou «ygap +a ygap» æ›nDuan æ ce6e 6onee cwporme upaæmna, ueu o6ɵu+oe upowmæocwoe+me «cau +a cau».

Mpm+muaDyeuy ygap +enase 6ɵno saymyawace (paspemanoca wona›o upm›pɵæawa o6paye++ɵum › upowmæ+m›y nago+eum ymm m æmc›m), +o m +auagaDymu, › upmuepy, +e gonwe+ 6ɵn 6mwa æ æmco›. O6a yuacw+m›a cwoenm +a uecwe m +e y›no+enmca ow ygapoæ.

Eye og+a pas+oæmg+ocwa ›ynau+ɵx uoegm+›oæ – oxow+my›me 6om. Vuacw+m›m swmx 6oeæ uacwo 6oponmca æ py›aæmyax c +ammwɵum +a +mx uewannmuec›mum 6nexaum. Vxogɵ ow ygapoæ saupeyanmca, ›a› m ygapɵ +oraum. Mow+o 6ɵno uogce›awa couep+m›a, +o æ oc+oæ+ou 6ou æence æ ow›pɵwɵx cwou›ax, 6es 6no›oæ m y›no+oæ. Fnaæ+ɵu upemuyyecwæou, uoumuo 6ɵcwpou pea›ymm, æ wa›ou 6oe 6ɵna Ømsmuec›ae cmna m æɵ+ocnmæocwa, cuoco6+ocwa ycwoewa +a +orax m æɵwepuewa 6ona.

H+orga ›ynau+ɵe 6om upm+muanm 6onee cepaes+ɵu o6opow, cwa+oæeca æapma+wou sa›o++oro cyga: upomrpaæmmu cumwance æm+oæawou cwopo+ou, 6yga o+ owæewum›ou mnm mcwyou. Ta›ou cyg +asɵæance «uone» m upocyyecwæoæan æunowa go cuepwm Hæa+a IV (Fpos+oro) æ 1584 rogy. Moegm+o›-uone uor upomcxogmwa ›a› +euocpegcwæe++o uewgy mcwyou m owæewum›ou æ wew6e, wa› m uewgy mx upegcwaæmweneum – goroæop+ɵum 6ouyaum. K «uonD» upm6eranm, ›a› upaæmno, wona›o worga, ›orga æɵ+ecwm upmroæop 6ɵno cnow+o.

bom «cau +a cau», upoxogmæmme pagm sa6aæɵ, a +e gne æɵec+e+me ow+ome+mu,

+aum+anmca c o6aewmu m yenoæa+me: couep+m›m uo›asɵæanm, uwo uewgy +mum +ew nmu+ou æpawgɵ, m 6ou mgew wona›o «+a m+wepec».

Cæanıa-cyeunenıa

3wow æmg uaccoæoro ›ynau+oro 6oe cumwaewce cauɵu gpeæ+mu m cauɵu ouac+ɵu. Ero ownmume ow «cwe+›m» æ wou, uwo ›awgɵu yuacw+m› «cwomw» sa ce6e, a +e sa ›oua+gy, m upowmæ æcex ocwana+ɵx 6ouyoæ. Mo6egmweneu ocwaewce uocneg+mu æɵcwoeæmmu. 3a

+epas6epmxy æo æpeue 6oe swo cocwesa+me m uonyumno cæom +asæa+me: cyeunen›a-cæan›a, cyeu+ou 6ou, cæan›a æpaccɵu+yD, cæana+ɵu 6ou, cyeuena+ae cxæaw›a.

K gDweu cmne m oco6ou noæ›ocwm (æ xaowmu+o gepyyeuce wonue gawe ycwoewa +a +orax cnow+o) sgeca go6aæneDwce gpyrme wpe6oæa+me: xnag+o›poæme m c›opocwa pea›ymm. ¶æa yuacw+m›a uoryw æuecwe uo6opowa uouaæmeroce mu 6ouya, +o saweu mu upmgewce gpawace gpyr c gpyrou.

B cæana+ou 6oD xopomm 6ɵnm nD6ɵe wa›wm›m: «upmneumwace» › upowmæ+m›y m upm›pɵæawace mu ow ocwana+ou gpa›m; yæmnmæawa ow ygapoæ; uocwoe++o uepeueyawace ow og+oro couep+m›a › gpyrouy, cwapaeca gesopme+wmpoæawa mx.

Cerog+e cæan›a-cyeunen›a +euouynep+a, o+a Øa›wmuec›m +e cyyecwæyew. Mpmum+a – æ uoæɵme++ou ouac+ocwm sworo æmga ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ m cnow+ocwm ycnegmwa sa æɵuon+e+meu upaæmn æceum yuacw+m›aum.

H+orga cæan›y-cyeunen›y ms-sa uocneg+eu osæyue++ou upmum+ɵ +e ow+ocew › pas+oæmg+ocweu ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ, a æɵgeneDw ›a› cauocwoewena+ɵu æmg 6opa6ɵ æ cwmne 6oeæ 6es upaæmn. ¶eucwæmwena+o, æ swou æmge cxæaw›m uorna upmue+ewace nD6ae ygap+ae m 6opyoæc›ae wex+m›a.

¶ne 6ouya æ cæan›e-cyeunen›e 6onamoe s+aue+me mueew yue+me ygepwawace +a +orax. ¶ne sworo upmxogmwce æɵuon+ewa cepmm ygapoæ æo æce cwopo+ɵ. Mpouegnmwa sgeca +enase, wa›

›a› ygapɵ m wonu›m cnegyDw co æcex cwopo+. K cæan›e-cyeunen›e uow+o upmpaæ+ewa coæpeue++ɵu æmg py›ouam+oro 6oe «ogm+ upowmæ wpex». bouyy upmxogmwce uocwoe++o uepeueyawace m æɵuon+ewa u+owecwæo pas+oo6pas+ɵx upmeuoæ.

Mpaæuna ıynau+ɵx 6oeæ

Mpaæmna, uocweue++o ææogmuɵe æ swo cocwesa+me +a upowewe+mm æcero ero cyyecwæoæa+me, 6ɵnm +ayene+ɵ +a wo, uwo6ɵ yuacw+m›m +e o6pasoæɵæanm xaowmu+yD cæan›y, +e upmue+enm +euecw+ɵe upmeuɵ (wo, uwo eæneewce geuo+cwpaymeu +e cmnɵ, a xmwpocwm), +e +a+ocmnm couep+m›y ouac+ɵx ygapoæ. Mo6ewge++ae cwopo+a gonw+a ocwawace

«Øy+›ymo+ana+ou», xowe swow upm+ymu upoeæmnce nmma +ec›ona›o æe›oæ +asag.

Oc+oæ+oe o6yee upaæmno ›ynau+oro 6oe – mcuonasoæawa wona›o ygap ›yna›ou. Mpm swou uow+o 6mwa ›ocwem›aum (ronoæ›aum uecw+ɵx ›ocweu), +mw+eu wopyeæou uacwaD cwawou

›mcwm (co cwopo+ɵ umsm+ya) mnm ronoæ›aum oc+oæ+ɵx Øana+r. ¶pyrme uacwm wena 6ɵno paspeme+o mcuonasoæawa orpa+mue++o: +oraum – uogce›awa, uneuaum mnm o6emum py›aum cpasy – won›awace.

Hs+auana+o +e æocupeyanoca cwmuawa æ ›yna›e wo, uwo æ +eu yueyaewce, a wa›we

+a+ocmwa ygap +ecwawou nago+aD, +o uocweue++o m swm uoue+wɵ 6ɵnm yuwe+ɵ. Kaweropmuec›m saupeye+o upewawa uwo-nm6o æ py›aæmyy, gawe +e6onamou ›ycoue› cæm+ya.

bou wpagmymo++o sa›a+umæance worga, ›orga og+a ms cwopo+ upms+aæana uopawe+me, mnm æ cnyuae uage+me og+oro ms couep+m›oæ (upmceæmmu m newaumu aæwouawmuec›m cumwanmca upms+aæmmum uopawe+me). bmwa newauero, owcwyuaDyero mnm upmceæmero saupeyanoca,

›a› m upowmæ+m›a c ›poæoweue+meu, ecnm o+ cau +e uor ocwa+oæmwa ›poæa («uas›y +e 6aDw»). Cepaes+oe yæeuae 6es ›poæoweue+me wowe 6ɵno upmum+ou ocwa+oæ›m 6oe. Henase 6ɵno wa›we xæawawa couep+m›a sa ogewgy, +auagawa c6o›y mnm co cum+ɵ, +a+ocmwa ygapɵ

+mwe uoeca. 3wm upaæmna pacupocwpa+enmca +a æce æmgɵ ›ynau+oro 6oe, xowe mx co6nDge+me æ cæan›e-cyeunen›e upocnegmwa 6ɵno cnow+o.

Mpm 6narouonyu+ou mcxoge 6mwæɵ (6es wepwæ), uwo uocne ywecwoue+me upaæmn +e 6ɵno peg›ocwaD, upowmæo6opcwæyDyme cwopo+ɵ uacwo ycwpamæanm coæuecw+oe umpmecwæo y

›ocwpa mnm y æogoeua.

Mpmsou sa uo6egy æ ›ynau+ou uoegm+›e mnm cæana+ou 6oD 6ɵno æceo6yee yæawe+me mnm upms+a+me upaæowɵ. B +e›owopɵx o6nacwex muenaca m+wepec+ae wpagmyme: uocne uoegm+›a

«cau +a cau» geæym›a upomrpaæmero uonogoro uenoæe›a gapmna uo6egmwenD 6y›ew copæa++ɵx eD uoneæɵx yæewoæ.

Coæpeue++ɵe upaæmna æ +am6onee uouynep+ou cerog+e 6oD «cwe+›a +a cwe+›y» cnegyDyme.

1. Henase +auagawa +a couep+m›a co cum+ɵ. Ecnm ogm+ ms yuacw+m›oæ upopæance c›æosa cwe+›y upowmæ+m›a, o+ gonwe+ o66ewawa æo›pyr o6emx cwe+o› m c+oæa æcwawa æ cæoD. bou mgew wona›o «nmyou › nmyy».

2. Vgapɵ paspeme+o +a+ocmwa wona›o py›aum. Horm uoryw 6ɵwa sageucwæoæa+ɵ æ uog+ow›ax m uogceu›ax.

3. 3aupeye+o +a+ocmwa ygapɵ æ nmyo; æɵme ›agɵ›a; +mwe con+eu+oro cunewe+me æ wmæow (æ wou umcne +mwe uoeca). ¶ne cpaæ+e+me, +a Pycm 6ouyɵ cwapanmca +a+ecwm ygap mue++o uo ronoæe, æ um›mw›m (uog pe6pa) m æ con+eu+oe cunewe+me.

4. bou cpasy upe›payaewce, ecnm ogm+ ms yuacw+m›oæ yuan. Moegm+o› +m›orga +e upogonwaewce +a seune («æ uapwepe»).

Kpoue sworo, æ cwe+om+ou 6oD cnegyew 6epeua woæapmyeu uo ›oua+ge, cwapaeca mu uouorawa, opme+wmpyeca +a ›oua+g+ɵe geucwæme.

Heupepɵæ+ɵu 6ou æ cwe+›e upogonwaewce, uo›a og+a ms ›oua+g (xowe 6ɵ ogm+ ee yuacw+m›) +e uepecwyumw uepwy ycnoæ+ou pasuew›m, w. e. æɵugew sa upegenɵ uone. Ta›ou æɵxog +asɵæaDw cocwyuou. ¶ne uo6egɵ og+ou ms cwe+o› +eo6xogmuo go6mwace wpex

cocwyuoæ upowmæ+m›a. Ha upasg+m›ax m uo›asawena+ɵx æɵcwyune+mex uewgy saxogaum, w. e. uocne ›awgoro cocwyua, ycwpamæaDw uepepɵæɵ, æo æpeue ›owopɵx upoæogew gpyrme,

+eupogonwmwena+ɵe, cocwesa+me.

Vuacwme æ ›ynau+ɵx 6oex upegycuawpmæaew o6esawena+oe o6uy+gmpoæa+me: uexoæɵe mnm

›owa+ɵe py›aæmyɵ m woncwɵe mau›m. Mpm mcwopmuec›ou pe›o+cwpy›ymm m æ cwmxmu+ɵx 6oex swo upaæmno +e æɵuon+eewce.

Moumuo ›o+yoæo› «uo upaæmnau», w. e. æ cnyuae upms+a+me sa og+ou ms cwopo+ uo6egɵ, 6ou uor 6ɵwa upe›paye+ c +auanou ›ono›ona+oro sæo+a mnm upm6ɵwmeu ›a›oro-nm6o yæawaeuoro uenoæe›a. H+orga 6ouyoæ pas+muanm ›peu›me uap+m mnm ocwa+aænmæan cæeye++m›. Ecnm y og+oro ms 6ouyoæ +aum+anoca ›poæoweue+me, +o couep+m› +e upe›payan cpawe+me, pa+e+oro uorna sacno+mwa co6ou we+ym+a ms spmweneu, worga 6ou cumwance saæepme++ɵu.

Moc›ona›y ›ynau+ɵe 6om 6ɵnm copeæ+oæa+meu, uo6egmwenD o6ɵu+o uonarance upms. B og+mx cnyuaex swo 6ɵno uoumnoæa+me (uo mcxogy uoegm+›a «uone»), æ gpyrmx – æ+mua+me geæym›m, æ wpewamx – uwo-nm6o mywou+oe (+aupmuep, æape+ɵe euya) mnm cmuæonmuec›oe (æe+o› +a ronoæy, unawae uo6ewge++oro). Ho rnaæ+ɵu upmsou, pasyueewce, 6ɵn æceo6ymu uouew m yæawe+me.

Fge u ıorga upoxogunu ıynau+ɵe 6ou

Cumwaewce, uwo æ goxpmcwma+c›ou Pycm oc+oæ+ɵum gawaum upoæege+me ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ 6ɵnm uoum+ana+ɵe g+m ycoummx (wpms+ɵ), a wa›we Macne+mya (upoæogɵ smuɵ) m Kpac+ae rop›a (æcwpeua æec+ɵ). C upm+ewmeu xpmcwma+cwæa 6om cwanm ycwpamæawa c Macne+myɵ (+egene uepeg Benm›mu uocwou) go Tpomyɵ (uewmgecewɵu ge+a uocne Macxm). H+orga uepmog 6oeæ pacwermæance: c Konegɵ (Powgecwæe+c›oro couena+m›a) go Mewpoæa g+e (ge+a uepæoæepxoæ+ɵx auocwonoæ Mewpa m Maæna, 12 mDne (+. cw.).

Oco6e++ɵu awmowaw upmxogmnce +a Macne+myy: uepeg Benm›mu uocwou +apog cwapance

+e wona›o ægoæona uoecwa 6nm+oæ, æcwpeuae æec+y, +o m +arynewace. B ocwana+oe æpeue oumca++oro uepmoga 6om upoæogmnmca uaye uo æoc›pec+ɵu m upasg+mu+ɵu g+eu (oco6e++o, æ 6onamme upasg+m›m).

Mecwo gne sa6aæɵ mnm cuopa æɵ6mpanoca upocwop+oe. Maccoæɵe 6om upoæogmnm +a unoyagex, a smuou – +a nagy pe› mnm osep. B Benm›ou Hoæropoge uecwou gne mrpmy 6ɵn uocw, coegm+eDymu gewm+ey (›peuna) co cno6ogou (woproæou uacwaD ropoga); æ Moc›æe – Moc›æa-pe›a, Bopo6aeæɵ ropɵ m unoyagm y Hoæogeæmuaero m Cmuo+oæa uo+acwɵpeu; B Mewep6ypre – pe›m Heæa m 0o+wa+›a, Hapæc›ae sacwaæa; æ Kasa+m – osepo Ka6a+. Cnoæou, æ

›awgou +acene++ou uy+›we, rge upoæogmnmca ›ynau+ɵe 6om, gne +mx 6ɵnm cæom uocwoe++ɵe uecwa. 3auepsmme pe›m m osepa æɵ6mpanmca +e wona›o ›a› ygo6+oe uecwo cpawe+me, +o m cmuæonmuec›m: o+m uacwo pasgenenm ropog mnm ero uacwa +a gæe pas+ɵe cno6ogɵ, ›owopɵe m æɵxogmnm +a neg «cwe+›ou +a cwe+›y».

Hmpo›oe uecwo 6ɵno +eo6xogmuo +e wona›o gne 6ouyoæ, +o m gne spmweneu. Bo›pyr cpawe+me saweæanmca +apog+ɵe ryne+me, › ›owopɵu uocne cocwesa+mu upmcoegm+enmca yuacw+m›m 6mwæɵ.

Cwmxmu+ɵe 6om uornm æos+m›+ywa rge yrog+o, +o swo 6ɵnm, ›a› upaæmno, uoegm+›m, a +e uaccoæɵe mrpmya.

¶o upm+ewme xpmcwma+cwæa ›ynau+ɵe 6om æ uoum+ana+ɵe g+m upoæogmnmca +a

›nag6myax, owcDga cwapm++oe pycc›oe +asæa+me ›nag6mya – 6yeæmye (ow cnoæa «6yu» –

›ynau+ɵu 6ou).

Vuacw+uıu ıynau+ɵx 6oeæ

B ›ynau+ɵx 6oex yuacwæoæanm æɵxogyɵ ms «upocworo +apoga», ›yuyɵ m gawe æɵcmme cocnoæme. Xowe uocneg+me uaye pemanm cuopɵ opywmeu, æce we æ 6oex-pasæneue+mex u+orme ms +mx yuacwæoæanm c ygoæonacwæmeu.

Pas+oo6pas+ɵu 6ɵn m æospacw+ou cocwaæ yuacw+m›oæ – ow uanaumme›-uogpocw›oæ go cwapm›oæ. Mpm swou cyyecwæoæano +ernac+oe upaæmno, ›owopoe uouwm +m›orga +e

+apymanoca: æ og+ou cpawe+mm yuacwæyDw uywum+ɵ upmuep+o ogm+a›oæoro æospacwa. Kynau+ɵe 6om, c+auana, a6conDw+o uowem+ɵe, a saweu æce cepaes+ee, æxogmnm æ wms+a

›awgoro uanaum›a æuecwe c gpyrmum gewc›mum sa6aæaum. Ocwana+ɵe pasæneue+me wa› m ocwaæanmca æ gewc›ou æospacwe, a ›ynau+ɵe 6om upeæpayanmca æo æspocnyD, m uoguac æecaua ouac+yD, uowexy. H+orga æ og+ou cwe+›e, æ pas+ɵx ee «swauax» yuacwæoæano cpasy

+ec›ona›o uo›one+mu og+ou ceuam: ow gega go æ+y›a.

C pocwou weppmwopmm pycc›oro rocygapcwæa æxogeyme æ +ero +apogɵ wowe upmo6yanmca

› ›ynau+ɵu 6oeu, ›owopɵe uepecwanm weu cauɵu 6ɵwa mc›nDumwena+o pycc›ou sa6aæou. B 6oex «cwe+›a +a cwe+›y» ›ynau+m›m genmnmca +a «gonw+ocwm». Py›oæogmwena (æowa›,

awaua+, 6oeæou cwapocwa, upegæogmwena, cwapɵu uonoæm›, 6amnɵ›, ronoæa) æɵ6mpance ms ouɵw+ɵx 6ouyoæ m gonwe+ 6ɵn oupegenewa wa›wm›y cæoeu ›oua+gɵ, y›peunewa o6ymu gyx. bouyɵ-+agewɵ (+agewgɵ) cwapanmca upopæawa cwpou upowmæ+m›a. Oco6e++o mx pona 6ɵna sauew+a æ 6oex, rge sa uo6egy cumwance paspɵæ cwpoe, +o æ gpyrmx æmgax 6oe +agewa uor 6ɵwa ocwa+oæne+ owæew+ou wa›wm›ou couep+m›a: cwe+›a pasuɵ›anaca, æuyc›ana 6ouya æ+ywpa, m cuɵ›anaca o6paw+o. Hagewa æ wɵny «æpawec›ou» cwe+›m gpawace +e uor, euy 6ɵno +eo6xogmuo o66ewawa cwpou m æcwawa c+oæa æ cæoD cwe+›y, og+a›o swo euy +e gaæanm cgenawa +ec›ona›o cueymana+ɵx 6ouyoæ upowmæ+m›a, cgepwmæaDymx +agewy y ce6e æ wɵny. 3wm cueymana+ɵe 6ouyɵ +eupeue++o 6ɵnm uacwepaum ›ynau+ɵx uoegm+›oæ. Cyyecwæoæanm pesepæ+ɵe 6ouyɵ, +eo6xogmuɵe gne pemaDymx awa›, a wa›we 6ouyɵ-æɵmm6anɵ, æɵ6mæaDyme ms cwpoe ye++ɵx yuacw+m›oæ ›oua+gɵ couep+m›a.

B ›awgou ry6ep+mm, ygene, ropoge æcerga 6ɵnm cæom mue+mwɵe 6ouyɵ, 6mæmmece «cau +a cau». H+orga ›yuyɵ m gpyrme 6orawɵe nDgm cæogmnm gpyr c gpyrou wa›mx 6ouyoæ ms pas+ɵx æonocweu, mnm cæomx yganayoæ c sarpa+mu+ɵum 6o›cepaum. Ta›me uoegm+›m 6mnm pe›opgɵ uo ›onmuecwæy spmweneu, wenaDymx yæmgewa geucwæme cæomum rnasaum.

Mouɵwıu ucıope+uwa ıynau+ɵe 6ou

Hs-sa uacwɵx æou+ uywum+ɵ +a Pycm gonw+ɵ 6ɵnm 6ɵwa uogrowoæne+ɵ › cpawe+meu uopana+o m Ømsmuec›m, uoswouy saupeyawa ›ynau+ɵe 6om +m›wo gonroe æpeue gawe +e uɵwance, sa›pɵæanm rnasa m +a wecwo›ocwa owgena+ɵx cocwesa+mu. C gpyrou cwopo+ɵ, uaccoæɵe uo6omya. (c upmue+e+meu ›acwewoæ, ›mcwe+eu m gawe +oweu), æ ›owopɵe sauacwyD upeæpayanmca ›ynau+ɵe 6om, æɵsɵæanm ouace+me y ænacwm m gyxoæ+ɵx nmy.

B pau›ax 6opa6ɵ c esɵuec›mum o6pegaum, xpmcwma+c›ae yep›oæa uɵwanaca mc›ope+mwa

›ynau+ɵe 6om, uyweu mx ocywge+me +e wona›o ›a› ›poæaæɵx uo6omy, +o m ›a› pmwyana uo›no+e+me esɵuec›mu 6orau (go xpmcwma+cwæa cocwesa+me ycwpamæanmca æ uecwa Mepy+a). Mmwpouonmw Kmpmnn æ 1274 rogy +a æceo6yeu co6ope æepxoæ+oro gyxoæe+cwæa uocwa+oæmn ownyuawa æcex ›ynau+m›oæ ow yep›æm, æ wou umcne y6mwɵx (mx +e owueæanm, ›a› uonowe+o). Ta›me uepɵ uocweue++o upmæenm › geucwæe++ouy, xowe m +eupogonwmwena+ouy pesynawawy: c 1584 uo 1598 rr. (æpeue upaæne+me 0egopa Hoa++oæmua) +m ogm+ uoegm+o› oØmymana+o saØm›cmpoæa+ +e 6ɵn.

B 1641 rogy yapa Mmxamn 0egopoæmu msgan y›as, saupeyaDymu ›ynau+ɵe 6om uog yrposou cypoæɵx +a›asa+mu. V›as 1686 roga uogwæepgmn swow saupew m +as+aumn yuacw+m›au ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ ›o+›pew+ɵe +a›asa+me (mwpaØɵ, 6mueæa+me, ccɵn›a).

3wm y›asɵ +e upmæenm › uon+ouy y+muwowe+mD ›ynau+ɵx sa6aæ. Cumwaewce, uwo Mewp I

cau nD6mn ycwpamæawa ›ynau+ɵe 6om gne geuo+cwpaymm cmnɵ pycc›mx nDgeu.

Og+a›o uocne y›asoæ XVII æe›a yuacw+m›m cocwesa+mu cwanm æɵ6mpawa cygeu (cowc›mx,

gecewc›mx), ›owopɵu uopyuanoca cnegmwa sa æɵuon+e+meu upaæmn.

B 1726 rogy y›asou E›awepm+ɵ I 6ɵnm cosga+ɵ upegumca+me gne upoæege+me ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ, uo ›owopɵu upaæmna ywecwouanmca (æ y›as, æ umcne upouero, 6ɵn æ›nDue+ saupew +a upmue+e+me æ 6oex opywme m +a+ece+me ygapoæ newaueuy), a caua wpagmyme cwa+oæmnaca ue+ee ouac+ou. 3a 6oeum cwanm cnegmwa uonmyeuc›me m ropogoæɵe.

Enmsaæewa Mewpoæ+a æ 1751 rogy uocne wecwo›mx 6oeæ æ cwonmye saupewmna upoæogmwa

›ynau+ɵe cocwesa+me æ Mewep6ypre m Moc›æe.

B rogɵ upaæne+me E›awepm+ɵ II (1762 – 1796) ›ynau+ɵe 6om ouewa uouanm æ umnocwa. Cau rpaØ Fpmropmu Opnoæ 6ɵn xopommu ›ynau+m›ou m uacwo opra+msoæɵæan cocwesa+me.

Mpm Hm›onae I æ 1832 rogy 6ɵn msga+ cæog sa›o+oæ, æ+oæa æ›nDuaDymu æ ce6e uon+ɵu saupew ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ +a æceu weppmwopmm cwpa+ɵ ›a› «æpeg+ɵx sa6aæ». Ta we Øopuynmpoæ›a upmcywcwæoæana æ uocnegyDymx pega›ymex sworo cæoga sa›o+oæ. Ho gawe uocne wa›mx saupewoæ ›ynau+ɵe 6om, oco6e++o uo upasg+m›au, upogonwanmca. B 1917 rogy o+m 6ɵnm ow+ece+ɵ › uepewmw›au yapc›oro pewmua, cocwesa+me +e æ›nDumnm æ upms+a++ɵe æmgɵ cuopwa, m uocweue++o swow æmg 6opa6ɵ cwan ue+ee uouynep+ɵu.

Heæona+ɵe marm uo mc›ope+e+mD wpagmymu pycc›oro ›ynau+oro 6oe upegupm+enm æ XX æe›e uoumwawenm æocwou+ɵx egm+o6opcwæ. Mog+ɵe we+ge+ymm m +a6mpaDyae uouynep+ocwa ØmnocoØme æɵwec+mnm 6om «cwe+›a +a cwe+›y» ms o6nacwm æ+mua+me uonogewm. To we cauoe upomcxogmw æ pesynawawe pasæmwme 6o›ca ›a› æmga cuopwa. Og+a›o ›ynau+ɵe 6om +e sa6ɵwɵ m uo-upew+euy co6mpaDw spmweneu m yuacw+m›oæ, æo u+orou 6narogape o6yeuy æospowge+mD +apog+ɵx wpagmymu, ›owopoe +auanoca æ 90-e rr. XX æe›a.

Kynau+ɵe 6ou æ pyccıom ucıyccwæe

B ›ynau+ɵx 6oex yuacwæoæanm u+orme umcawenm, uoswɵ m xygow+m›m, gpyrme ms +mx

+a6nDganm sa mrpmyaum co cwopo+ɵ. Bce swo +amno owpawe+me æ mx upomsæege+mex m ueuyapax. Hapaæ+e c yep›oæ+ɵum uoyue+meum, uogo6+ɵe mcwou+m›m – ›nagesa m+Øopuaymm o6 mcwopmm ›ynau+oro 6oe.

Mepæoe upomsæege+me, ›owopoe upmxogmw +a yu upm yuoum+a+mm ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ, – swo

«Mec+a upo yape Hæa+a Bacmnaeæmua, uonogoro oupmu+m›a m yganoro ›yuya Kanam+m›oæa»

M. Œ. Vepuo+woæa (1837 r.). 3geca oumcɵæaewce «uone» – pas+oæmg+ocwa ›ynau+oro uoegm+›a gne peme+me wew6ɵ. Kyuey uo6ewgaew, owcwoeæ æ uecw+ou uoegm+›e uecwa we+ɵ,

+o æ 6opa6e y6mæaew couep+m›a (uwo cnyuanoca æ swou æmge ›ynau+oro 6oe oue+a uacwo), m yapa æenmw ›as+mwa ›yuya.

Hso6pawe++ɵu xygow+m›ou M. H. Mec›oæɵu «Kynau+ɵu 6ou upm Hoa++e IV Bacmnaeæmue Fpos+ou» (1862 r.) uo›asɵæaew +au uoue+w uecwæoæa+me uo6egmwene, og+oæpeue++o c ›owopɵu +ec›ona›o uenoæe› ouna›mæaDw upomrpaæmero. B+mua+me spmwene c+auana o6payaewce › ropgouy uywum+e, ›owopɵu upmoca+mnce æ ye+wpe ›apwm+ɵ, m wona›o saweu uow+o sauewmwa rpyuuy nDgeu, c›no+mæmmxce +ag wenou, uo æceu æmgmuocwm, æwoporo yuacw+m›a 6oeæ.

Bo æpeue+a Hæa+a IV newana+ɵu mcxog ›ynau+oro uoegm+›a 6ɵn goæona+o uacwɵu eæne+meu, m +e uopmyance yapeu, +ecuowpe +a æosuyye+me ]ep›æm. Mpm wa›ou mcxoge spmwenm cocwesa+mu, æ uepæyD ouepega, uosgpaænenm uo6egmwene, a +e ropeæanm o upomrpaæmeu.

B c›ase M. M. bawoæa «Hmpo›oe uneuo» (1948 r.) mueewce oumca+me +acwaæne+mu 6oeæoro cwapocwɵ cæomu 6ouyau. O+ paccwaæneew mx wa›, ›a› euy ›awewce nyume, m +a›asɵæaew 6mwace +e gne cæoeu uowexm, a saog+o co æceu cwe+›ou, «mmpo›mu uneuou».

Mmcawena C. T. A›ca›oæ oumcɵæan æ cæoeu upomsæege+mm «Pacc›as ms cwyge+uec›ou wms+m» (1806) ›ynau+ɵe 6om, upoxogmæmme +a osepe Ka6a+ æ Kasa+m. 0. H. Haneum+ (1837

– 1901) uouwm æe› cuycwe yuacwæoæan æ ›ynau+ɵx 6oex +a osepe Ka6a+, æ ›owopɵx cxogmnmca wawapc›ae m pycc›ae cwopo+a. O+ 6naroroæeu+o ow+ocmnce › uoryumu ›ynau+m›au, cpaæ+mæae mx co c›asou+ɵum pycc›mum 6orawɵpeum. Cauouy 0egopy +aæɵ›m ›ynau+ɵx

6oeæ upmrogmnmca æ wms+m, ›orga +a +ero uouɵwance +auacwa couep+m› æ nD6æm.

b. M. Kycwogmeæ æ 1897 r. +aumcan ›apwm+y «Kynau+ɵu 6ou +a Moc›æa-pe›e». B upomsæege+mm uyæcwæyewce gm+aum›a co6ɵwme, xowe sumsogɵ, +a uepæɵu æsrneg, paspos+e++ɵ. Kwo-wo wmæo +a6nDgaew sa upomcxogeymu co cwopo+ɵ; ›wo-wo, cuax+yæ mau›y, co6mpaewce ææesawace æ 6ou; ›wo-wo ropeuo o6cywgaew uo6om og+oro ms yuacw+m›oæ. Bgane›e +a nagy pe›m ›mumw 6opa6a. 3wa ›apwm+a oue+a ›pacou+o uepegaew suoymm +apoga, co6paæmeroce +a ›ynau+ɵe 6om.

B poua+e «Xms+a Mawæee Koweue›m+a» (1909 r.) Ma›cmu Fopa›mu (A. M. Mem›oæ) oumcɵæaew wa›wmuec›me upmeuɵ ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ. Og+a ms xmwpocweu – æɵgæm+ywa upowmæ cwe+›m upowmæ+m›a +ec›ona›o ›peu›mx 6ouyoæ, m, ›orga couep+m›m, +aumpae +a swmx 6ouyoæ, æɵwe+ywce ›nm+ou, o6xæawmwa mx cwe+›ou c 6o›oæ, cum+ae couep+m›a. B owæew +a wa›ou xog 6ɵna upmgyua+a gpyrae xmwpocwa – 6ɵcwpo owcwyumwa æ ye+wpe m o6xæawmwa cwe+›y cxmwpmæmero upowmæ+m›a c ero ›peu›mu aæa+rapgou æ uony›onayo, cum+ae c 6o›oæ ero wa› we, ›a› o+ xowen uocwyumwa cau.

C. A. Ece+m+ æ aæwo6morpaØmuec›mx sauew›ax «O ce6e» (1925 r.) umcan, uwo geg uoggpas+mæan ero +a ›ynau+ɵe 6om, ›orga Cepreu 6ɵn eye uanaumm›ou, roæope 6a6›e, uwo wa› uanaum› 6ygew ›peuue.

Mmcawena V. M. Veo+oæ c poua+e «Bop» (1927 r.) roæopmw o wou, uwo wona›o æ ›ynau+ɵx 6oex m uow+o +auwm +agew+oro woæapmya: æ cxæaw›e «æce nDgc›ae uoæag›a +ac›æosa æmg+a».

3wow uepeue+a +e mcuepuɵæaew æcex mueDymxce cæege+mu o6 yuoum+a+mm ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ

æ pycc›ou mc›yccwæe, +o æ wo we æpeue gaew uon+yD o6pas+yD ›apwm+y cwapm++ou pycc›ou cocwesawena+ou mrpɵ.

Fnaæa 2

Pagoropa – +ıona pyccıoro ıynau+oro 6oe

B swou rnaæe uɵ pacc›aweu o Pagorope. 3wo og+a ms cmcweu ›ynau+oro 6oe, paspa6owa++ae upesmge+wou Haymo+ana+oro ›ny6a gpeæ+epycc›mx pawo6opcwæ A. K. benoæɵu, msæecw+ɵu

›a› Cenmgop. Pagoropy uow+o ow+ecwm › 6oeæouy mc›yccwæy, ›owopoe upmue+eewce æ

+acwoeyee æpeue m oc+oæɵæaewce +a wpagmymex pycc›oro ›ynau+oro 6oe.

boeæoe mc›yccwæo upegcwaæneew co6ou pasnmu+ɵe cuoco6ɵ egm+o6opcwæa m cauosaymwɵ. V pas+ɵx +apogoæ o+m mueDw cæom oco6e++ocwm. Oco6e++o pasæmwɵ egm+o6opcwæa æ æocwou+o-asmawc›mx cwpa+ax. O+m uonasyDwce 6onamou uouynep+ocwaD uo æceuy umpy m upeæpawmnmca æ coæpeue++ɵe æmgɵ cuopwa. Hx upmuepou eæneDwce æceu msæecw+ɵe gsDgo,

›apaws, wxs›æo+go. H+wepec › 6oeæɵu mc›yccwæau o6aec+eewce +e wona›o wena+meu oænagewa upmeuaum cauosaymwɵ upm +auage+mm, uo›asawa cæom cmny m noæ›ocwa æ copeæ+oæa+mm, +o wa›we æosuow+ocwaD Ømsmuec›oro m gyxoæ+oro æocumwa+me m cauopasæmwme.

Pycc›me ›ynau+ɵe 6om +enase æ uon+ou uepe ow+ecwm › 6oeæɵu mc›yccwæau. Og+a›o o+m uocnywmnm oc+oæou gne pasæmwme pycc›ou m›onɵ ›ynau+oro 6oe, cosga++ou A. K. benoæɵu.

Tpagmymm æcex 6oeæɵx mc›yccwæ yxogew æ rny6a æe›oæ m cæesa+ɵ c gpyrmum ›ynawyp+ɵum, gyxoæ+ɵum m penmrmos+ɵum wpagmymeum pas+ɵx +apogoæ. To we cauoe ow+ocmwce › mcwopmm pycc›mx ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ. O+m owpawaDw oupegene++ɵe +paæcwæe++ɵe upm+ymuɵ pycc›oro +apoga. B coxpa+mæmmxce mcwopmuec›mx oumca+mex ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ upocnewmæaDwce oupegene++ɵe upaæmna, upmeuɵ, ucmxonormuec›me oco6e++ocwm yuacw+m›oæ. Bce o+m uocweue++o æɵpa6owanmca, cØopumpoæanmca m uepegaæanmca ow uo›one+me › uo›one+mD.

Pycc›mu nDgeu upmcyym uawpmowmsu, upmæepwe++ocwa wpagmymeu owyoæ m gegoæ. bonamoe uecwo æ mx gyme sa+muaDw yæawmwena+oe ow+ome+me › gpyrmu nDgeu, oco6e++o upowmæaDymu uo cocegcwæy. Moswouy +e cuowpe +a wo, uwo ›ynau+ɵe 6om æ 6onameu cweue+m eænenmca +a Pycm pasæneue+meu, +e muenm wa›ou oc+oæawena+ocwm m ØmnocoØmm

›a› æocwou+ɵe egm+o6opcwæa, o+m muenm oupegene++oe s+aue+me. Vuacwme æ ›ynau+ɵx 6oex sa›aneno uywum+, uouorano æɵeæmwa 6ouyoæc›mu xapa›wep, upoeæmwa cæoD ygana. Ha upowewe+mm æceu mcwopmm pycc›mu nDgeu uacwo upmxogmnoca saymyawa cæoD owums+y ow

+auage+me. Tpagmyme ›ynau+ɵx 6oeæ uouorana uoggepwmæawa 6oeæou gyx upocworo +apoga. O+a uosæonena uywum+au c uonogɵx new ænagewa +aæɵ›aum py›ouam+oro 6oe. Bo æpeue rpyuuoæoro ›ynau+oro 6oe yuacw+m›m æɵcwpamæanmca mepe+rou. Mpm swou o+m upm›pɵæanm uneuo pegou cwoeyero. VeæyD py›y o+m mcuonasoæanm gne cauosaymwɵ, a upaæou awa›oæanm couep+m›a. Mpm wa›ou uocwpoe+mm 6oeæɵe geucwæme 6ɵnm +am6onee sØØe›wmæ+ɵum. Ta›mu o6pasou æ ›awgou pycc›ou uocene+mm æ gaæ+me æpeue+a 6ɵno rowoæoe æouc›o, ›owopoe upm

+eo6xogmuocwm uorno upowmæocwoewa +acwoeyeuy æpary.

B cpeg+me æe›a upmeuɵ ›ynau+oro 6oe mcuonasoæanmca æ æoe++ɵx cpawe+mex. Pycc›me æom+ɵ +ocmnm ›oæa+ɵe gocuexm, cpegm ›owopɵx 6ɵnm upeæyɵ, saymyaDyme py›m ow

›mcweu go no›weu (pmc. 1). O+m uouoranm æ py›ouam+ou 6oD, wa› ›a› yæenmumæanm cmny ygapa ›yna›ou mnm no›weu. Ha +orax pycc›me æom+ɵ wowe +ocmnm saymw+ɵe upmcuoco6ne+me, +a ›owopɵx 6ɵnm mmuɵ. 3wo genano 6oeæou ygap +orou cmna+ɵu m ouac+ɵu gne upowmæ+m›a.

Pmcy+o›1. Pycc›mu æom+ æ gocuexax

facwo æ nmwepawype oumcɵæaDwce cpawe+me, ›orga æom+ɵ 6pocanm cæoe opywme m uepexogmnm › ›ynau+ouy 6oD. Tewenɵe gocuexm æ cpawe+mex c og+ou cwopo+ɵ saymyanm ow py6eyero m ›onDyero opywme, a c gpyrou cwopo+ɵ sawpyg+enm uogæmw+ocwa. B we æpeue+a æ 6oD uacwo mcuonasoæanmca upmeuɵ ›ynau+oro 6oe, ›owopɵe uosæonenm uoæanmwa upowmæ+m›a +a seunD. Og+a›o gana+eummu 6ou upm swou 6ɵn sawpyg+mwene+, wa› ›a›

gocuexm 6ɵnm oue+a wewenɵ. B py›ouam+ou 6oD pycc›me æom+ɵ +a+ocmnm æoopywe++ouy upowmæ+m›y ygapɵ uo mee m æepx+eu uacwm wynoæmya upeguneuaeu m wa›mu o6pasou cæanmæanm ero c ce6e. Mogo6+ɵe upmeuɵ mcuonasyDwce æ au›mgo m gpyrmx æocwou+ɵx 6oeæɵx mc›yccwæax.

C yuewou æɵmemsnowe++oro cwa+oæmwce uo+ew+o, uwo ›ynau+ɵe 6om +a Pycm eæneDwce +e uycwou sa6aæou, ›a› swo uacwo upeuog+ocmwce æ nmwepawyp+ɵx m xygowecwæe++ɵx upomsæege+mex. O+m eæneDwce cnegcwæmeu mcwopmuec›ou +eo6xogmuocwm 6ɵwa æ 6oeæou rowoæ+ocwm m uogwæepwge+meu +apog+ou uygpocwm. Moswouy pycc›ae apume +m›orga +e

+auagana +a gpyrme +apogɵ, +o æo æce æpeue+a ownmuanaca 6oeæɵu gyxou m saymyana cæoe oweuecwæo.

0unocoøue u oc+oæ+ɵe uo+ewue

Pagoropa eæneewce oc+oæ+ou cmcweuou Cnaæe+o-Fopmy›ou 6opa6ɵ. Moc›ona›y o+a paspa6owa+a +a oc+oæe upmeuoæ ›ynau+oro 6oe, uow+o cumwawa ee oc+oæou pycc›me

›ynau+ɵe 6om.

Mpomcxowge+me cnoæa «pagoropa» oue+a uo+ew+o o6aec+eew M. B. Hawy+oæ, sa+muaDymuce mccnegoæa+meu pycc›mx gyxoæ+ɵx m 6oeæɵx wpagmymu. B cæoeu ›+mre

«Pycc›mu ›ynau+ɵu 6ou» o+ pasgeneew cnoæo +a cocwaæ+ɵe uacwm, mueDyme rny6o›mu cuɵcn. Pagoropa – swo æ uepæyD ouepega ØmnocoØc›oe uo+ewme. 3wo æounoye+me Mɵcnm (Hgem) uepes ¶æmwe+me. Cnor «Pa» coow+ocmwce c 6orou Con+ya m o6os+auaew or+e++yD cwmxmD, w. e. gæmwe+me. «Fop» – ow+ocmwce › cwmxmm Bosgyxa (He6y). 3wo o6os+aue+me uɵcnm, sauɵcna, mgem. Coegm+mwena+ɵu cnor «go» uacwo mcuonasyewce gne woro, uwo6ɵ uoguep›+ywa cæesa uewgy mgeeu m ›o+eu+ɵu pesynawawou uepes gæmwe+me (gocwawa, gocwmr+ywa). Cnme+me gæyx cwmxmu (Or+e m Bosgyxa) æ 6oD upomcxogmw +e wona›o +a ue+wana+ou ypoæ+e, +o m æɵpawaewce æ geucwæmm. fwo6ɵ gocwmua uero-nm6o, +eo6xogmuo o6esawena+o upmnowmwa ycmnme, m genawa swo +yw+o æ oupegene++ou +aupaæne+mm.

Tpagmymo++o mcuonasyeuɵe æ pycc›mx ›ynau+ɵx 6oex upmeuɵ uonyumnm o6oc+oæa++ocwa æ coæpeue++ou uo+mua+mm, 6ɵnm upeo6pasoæa+ɵ, gouon+e+ɵ m mcuonasoæa+ɵ gne cosga+me cmcweuɵ ›ynau+oro 6oe Pagoropa. Ow woro, +ac›ona›o uenoæe› ocuɵcne++o uogxogmw › ocæoe+mD wex+m›m m upmeuoæ ›ynau+oro 6oe, saæmcmw pesynawaw cpawe+me c upowmæ+m›oæ.

Bo u+ormx æocwou+ɵx egm+o6opcwæax gne uo6egɵ 6onamoe s+aue+me mueew ownmu+ae Ømsmuec›ae Øopua. B pycc›ou ›ynau+ou 6oe o+a mueew ue+amee s+aue+me. Mpmeuaum Pagoropɵ +a æɵco›ou ypoæ+e uoryw oænagewa u+orme.

M. B. Hawy+oæ +axogmw cmuæonmuec›yD cæesa «Pagoropɵ», æ uacw+ocwm uepæoro cnora

«Pa», c Paporou, ¶awga-6orou, pagyrou. 3wm gpeæ+ecnaæe+c›me uo+ewme mueDw cæeye++ɵu cuɵcn. Paporou +asɵæaDw umØonormuec›oro co›ona c or+e++ɵu ouepe+meu m unaue+eu, æɵpɵæaDymuce ms pwa. O+ onmyewæopeew cwmxmD Or+e, ›owopae cmuæonmsmpyew gæmwe+me, m wms+a 6es +ee +eæosuow+a. ¶awga-6or, mnm 6or Pa, – +am6onee uouewaeuɵu cnaæe+aum 6or, uo›poæmwena Con+ya m gowge. Hue++o 6narogape gowgD uow+o uonyumwa ypowau m

upogonwmwa pog nDgc›ou. Mocne gowge +a +e6e uoeæneewce pagyra (+e6ec+ɵu uocw, ny› 6ora Con+ya). O+a æɵsɵæana +e ue+ame suoymu m 6naroroæe+me y gpeæ+ero +apoga, ueu rposa m gowga. Ta›mu o6pasou cnor «Pa» +a upowewe+mm u+ormx æe›oæ y cnaæe+c›oro

+apoga muen cæeye++ɵu cuɵcn m mcuonasoæance oco6ɵu o6pasou. O+ æxogmn æ cocwaæ cnoæ, mueDymx æɵpawe++ɵu suoymo+ana+ɵu sapeg, cæeye++ɵu cuɵcn. Haupmuep, pycc›me æom+ɵ, uog+muaeca æ awa›y, wpagmymo++o ›pmuanm «Vpa!» (V-pa). 3wo upmgaæano mu cmn m s+eprmm, æeno +a uogæmrm, sacwaæneno sa6ɵwa o ce6e m saymyawa o6ye+apog+ɵe ye++ocwm. Mow+o +auwm eye +e uano gpeæ+mx cnoæ, mueDymx cnor «pa» m mueDymx 6onamoe s+aue+me gne cnaæe+c›ou ›ynawypɵ, +o æce o+m 6ygyw upomsæog+ɵum ow ywe +asæa++ɵx.

B cæoeu ›+mre «Monow Pagoropɵ» A. K. benoæ wa›we y›asɵæaew +a æsamuogeucwæme cwmxmu Or+e m Bosgyxa æ gocwmwe+mm uenoæe›ou yenm. Ta›mu o6pasou, s+eprme uɵcnm upeo6pasyewce æ geno m pesynawaw (uo6egy). Fnaæ+ae s+eprme sa›nDue+a æ «pa». Moswouy

«Pagoropa» – +asæa+me +e cnyuau+oe. OwcDga uɵ æmgmu, uwo Pagoropa, ›a› æmg 6oeæoro mc›yccwæa, +auon+eewce ØmnocoØmeu. 3wo +e upocwo upmeuɵ ›ynau+oro 6oe, +o m oupegene++oe umpoæosspe+me.

Pagoropa swo ywe +e upocwo ynmu+ɵu ›ynau+ɵu 6ou, a 6oeæae m›ona. B +eu cyyecwæyDw wa›me uo+ewme, ›a› wex+m›a m wa›wm›a 6oe, mcuonasyDwce oupegene++ɵe upmeuɵ, pasnmu+ɵe æmgɵ awa›. Fnaæ+oe æ Pagorope – swo upocwpa+cwæe++ae opra+msayme ›ynau+oro 6oe, uocwpoe++oro +a awa›yDyeu uoæege+mm. B oc+oæe wa›ou cmcweuɵ æege+me 6oe xopomo upocuawpmæaDwce oco6e++ocwm pycc›oro ›ynau+oro 6oe. Bce geucwæme æ +eu upomcxogew uo

›pyroæɵu wpae›wopmeu. Ta›mu o6pasou o6ecueumæaewce æosuow+ocwa ›o+wponmpoæawa cmwyaymD m upocwpa+cwæo æo›pyr ce6e. B Pagorope swow upm+ymu æsew sa oc+oæy. Bce ygapɵ

+a+ocewce uo gyroo6pas+ɵu m ›pyroæɵu wpae›wopmeu. HcuonasyDwce æ +eu m upeuɵe ygapɵ, ›owopɵe +a+ocewce upm gmaro+ana+ou pacuonowe+mm upowmæ+m›a m ›ou6m+mpyDwce c ›pyroæɵum uepeueye+meum upowmæ+m›oæ.

bonamoe s+aue+me mueew +paæcwæe++ae m ucmxonormuec›ae xapa›wepmcwm›a 6ouya. Bega ow c›naga nmu+ocwm m suoymo+ana+oro +acwpoe saæmcmw 6onamae uacwa ycuexa mnm uopawe+me. Kynau+ɵu 6ou æegewce uo oupegene++ɵu upaæmnau, m ms +mx c›nagɵæaewce 6oeæae swm›a.

Не нашли, что искали? Воспользуйтесь поиском: