in case and lest A in case 3 страница

(b) = omit, leave out:

If you want to get thin you must cut out sugar, (cut it out) be cut out for (tr) = be fitted or suited for (used of people, usually in the negative):

His father got him a job in a bank but it soon became clear that he was not cut out for that kind of work. (He wasn't happy and was not good at the work.) cut up (tr) = cut into small pieces:

They cut down the tree and cut it up for firewood, (cut the tree

up/cut up the tree)

Die

die away (intr) = become gradually fainter till inaudible:

They waited till the sound of the guard's footsteps died away. die down (intr) = become gradually calmer and finally disappear (of riots, fires, excitement etc.):

When the excitement had died down the shopkeepers took down their shutters and reopened their shops.

die out (intr) = become extinct (of customs, races, species of animals etc.):

Elephants would die out if men could shoot as many as they wished.

Do

do away with (tr) = abolish:

The government should do away with the regulations restricting drinking hours. do up (tr) = redecorate:

When I do this room up I'll paint the walls cream, (do up this

room/do it up) do without (tr) = manage in the absence of a person or thing:

We had to do without petrol during the fuel crisis. The object is sometimes understood but not mentioned:

If there isn't any milk we'll have to do without (it).

Draw

draw back (intr) = retire, recoil:

It's too late to draw back now; the plans are all made. draw up (tr) = make a written plan or agreement: My solicitor drew up the lease and we both signed it. (drew it up) draw up (intr) = stop (of vehicles): The car drew up at the kerb and the driver got out.

Drop

drop in (intr) = pay a short unannounced visit:

He dropped in for a few minutes to ask if he could borrow your power drill, (drop in is more colloquial than 'call in'.) drop out (intr) = withdraw, retire from a scheme or plan:

We planned to hire a coach for the excursion but now so many people have dropped out that it will not be needed.

Enter

enter for (tr) = become a competitor/candidate (for a contest, examination, etc.):

Twelve thousand competitors have entered for the next London Marathon.

Fade

fade away (intr) = disappear, become gradually fainter (usually of sounds):

The band moved on and the music faded away.

Fall

fall back (intr) = withdraw, retreat (this is a deliberate action, quite different from fall behind, which is involuntary):

As the enemy advanced we fell back. fall back on (tr) = use in the absence of something better:

We had to fall back on dried milk as fresh milk wasn't available. He fell back on the old argument that if you educate women they won't be such good wives and mothers.

fall behind (intr) = slip into the rear through inability to keep up with the others, fail to keep up an agreed rate of payments:

At the beginning the whole party kept together but by the end of the day those who were less fit had fallen behind.

He fell behind with his rent and the landlord began to become

impatient. fall in with someone's plans = accept them and agree to co-operate:

We'd better fall in with his suggestion for the sake of peace. fall in (intr) of troops etc. = get into line fall out

(intr) of troops etc. = leave the lines:

The troops fell in and were inspected. After the parade they fell out

and went back to their barracks. fall off (intr) = decrease (of numbers, attendance etc.):

Orders have been falling off lately; we need a new advertising campaign.

If the price of seats goes up much more theatre attendances will begin to fall off.

fall on (tr) = attack violently (the victim has normally no chance to defend himself as the attackers are too strong; it is also sometimes used of hungry men who attack their food when they get it):

The mob fell on the killers and clubbed them to death. The starving men fell on the food, (devoured it)

fall out (intr) = quarrel:

When thieves fall out honest men get their own. (proverb; i.e. get back their property) fall through (intr) = fail to materialize (of plans): My plans to go to Greece fell through because the journey turned out to be much more expensive than I had expected.

Feed

be fed up (intr), be fed up with (tr) = be completely bored (slang): I'm fed up with this wet weather. I'm fed up with waiting; I'm going home.

Feel

feel up to (tr) = feel strong enough (to do something):

/ don't feel up to tidying the kitchen now. I'll do it in the morning. I don't feel up to it.

Fill

fill in/up forms etc. = complete them:

/ had to fill in three forms to get my new passport, (fill three forms in/fill them in)

Find

find out (tr) = discover as a result of conscious effort: In the end I found out what was wrong with my hi-fi. The dog found out the way to open the door, (found it out) find someone out = find that he has been doing something wrong (this discovery is usually a surprise because the person has been trusted): After robbing the till for months the cashier was found out.

Fix

fix up (tr) = arrange:

The club has already fixed up several matches for next season, (fixed several matches up/fixed them up)

Get

get about (intr) = circulate; move or travel in a general sense:

The news got about that he had won the first prize in the state lottery and everybody began asking him for money.

He is a semi-invalid now and can't get about as well as he used to. get away (intr) = escape, be free to leave:

Don't ask him how he is because if he starts talking about his health you'll never get away from him.

I had a lot to do in the office and didn 't get away till eight. get away with (tr) = perform some illegal or wrong act without being punished, usually without even being caught:

He began forging cheques and at first he got away with it but in the end he was caught and sent to prison.

get back (tr) = recover possession of:

If you lend him a book he 11 lend it to someone else and you 'II never

get it back, (get back your book/get your book back) get back (intr) = reach home again:

We spent the whole day in the hills and didn't get back till dark. get off (intr) = be acquitted or receive no punishment (compare with get away with it, which implies that the offender is not even caught):

He was tried for theft but got off because there wasn 't sufficient evidence against him. (was acquitted)

The boy had to appear before a magistrate but he got off as it was his first offence, (received no punishment) get on (intr), get on with (tr)

(a) = make progress, be successful: How is he getting on at school? He is getting on very well with his English.

(b) = live, work etc., amicably with someone:

He is a pleasant friendly man who gets on well with nearly everybody.

How are you and Mr Pitt getting on? get out (intr) = escape from, leave (an enclosed space):

Don't wory about the snake. It's in a box. It can't get out.

News of the Budget got out before it was officially announced.

I'm so busy that I don't very often get out. (out of the house) Note that the imperative 'Get out', except when it means 'descend' (from a vehicle), is very rude. get out of (tr) = free oneself from an obligation or habit:

/ said that I'd help him. Now I don't want to but I can't get out of it.

(free myself from my promise)

He says that he smokes too much but he can't get out of the habit.

Some people live abroad to get out of paying heavy taxes. get over (tr) = recover from (illness, distress or mental weakness):

He is just getting over a bad heart attack.

I can't get over her leaving her husband like that. (I haven't recovered from the surprise; I am astonished.)

He used to be afraid of heights but he has got over that now. get it over (the object is usually it which normally represents something unpleasant) = deal with it and be finished with it:

If you have to go to the dentist why not go at once and get it over? (Be careful not to confuse this with get over it, which is quite different.) get round a person = coax him into letting you do what you want:

Girls can usually get round their fathers. get round a difficulty/regulation = find some solution to it/evade it:

// we charge people for admission we will have to pay entertainment tax on our receipts; but we can get round this regulation by saying that we are charging not for admission but for refreshments. Money

paid for refreshments is not taxed. get through (tr or intr) = finish a piece of work, finish successfully:

He got through his exam all right, (passed it)

get through (intr) = get into telephone communication:

/ am trying to call London but I can't get through; I think all the lines are engaged.

get up (tr) = organize, arrange (usually an amateur entertainment or a charitable enterprise):

They got up a concert in aid of cancer research. (They got it up.) get up (intr) = rise from bed, rise to one's feet, mount:

I get up at seven o' clock every morning.

(For get used to mean enter/leave vehicles, see 93 D.) give

give something away = give it to someone (who need not be mentioned):

/'// give this old coat away, (give away this old coat away/give it

away) give someone away (object before away) = betray him:

He said that he was not an American but his accent gave him away.

(told us that he was an American) give back (tr) = restore (a thing) to its owner:

/ must call at the library to give back this book, (to give this book

back/to give it back) give in (intr) = yield, cease to resist:

At first he wouldn 't let her drive the car but she was so persuasive that eventually he gave in. give out (tr)

(a) = announce verbally:

They gave out the names of the winners, (gave the names out/gave them out)

(b) = distribute, issue:

The teacher gave out the books, (gave one/some to each pupil) give out (intr) = become exhausted (of supplies etc.):

The champagne gave out long before the end of the reception.

His patience gave out and he slapped the child hard. give up (tr or intr) = abandon an attempt, cease trying to do something:

/ tried to climb the wall but after I had failed three times I gave up. (gave up the attempt/gave the attempt up/gave it up)

A really determined person never gives up/never gives up trying. give up (tr) = abandon or discontinue a habit, sport, study, occupation:

Have you given up drinking whisky before breakfast? He gave up cigarettes, (gave them up)

He tried to learn Greek but soon got tired of it and gave it up. give oneself up (object before up) = surrender:

He gave himself up to despair.

He was cold and hungry after a week on the run so he gave himself up to the police.

Go

go ahead (intr) = proceed, continue, lead the way:

While she was away he went ahead with the work and got a lot done.

You go ahead and I'll follow; I'm not quite ready. go away (intr) = leave, leave me, leave this place:

Are you going away for your holiday? ~ No, I'm staying at home.

Please go away; I can't work unless I am alone. go back (intr) = return, retire, retreat:

I'm never going back to that hotel. It is most uncomfortable. go back on (tr) = withdraw or break (a promise):

He went back on his promise to tell nobody about this. (He told people about it, contrary to his promise.) go down (intr)

(a) = be received with approval (usually of an idea):

/ suggested that she should look for a job but this suggestion did not go down at all well.

(b) = become less, be reduced (of wind, sea, weight, prices etc.): During her illness her weight went down from 50 kilos to 40. The wind went down and the sea became quite calm.

go for (tr) = attack:

The cat went for the dog and chased him out of the hall. go in for (tr) = be especially interested in, practise; enter for (a competition):

This restaurant goes in for vegetarian dishes, (specializes in them)

She plays a lot of golf and goes in for all the competitions. go into (tr) = investigate thoroughly:

'We shall have to go into this very carefully,' said the detective. go off (intr)

(a) = explode (of ammunition or fireworks), be fired (of guns, usually accidentally):

As he was cleaning his gun it went off and killed him.

(b) = be successful (of social occasions):

The party went off very well, (everyone enjoyed it)

(c) = start a journey, leave: He went off in a great hurry.

go on (intr) = continue a journey:

Go on till you come to the crossroads. go on (intr), go on with (tr), go on + gerund = continue any action:

Please go on playing; I like it.

Go on with the treatment. It is doing you good. go on + infinitive:

He began by describing the route and went on to tell us what the trip

would probably cost. (He continued his speech and told us etc.) go out (intr)

(a) = leave the house:

She is always indoors; she doesn't go out enough.

(b) = join in social life, leave one's house for entertainments etc. She is very pretty and goes out a lot.

(c) = disappear, be discontinued (of fashions):

Crinolines went out about the middle of the last century. (A) = be extinguished (of lights, fires etc.):

The light went out and we were left in the dark. go over (tr) = examine, study or repeat carefully:

He went over the plans again and discovered two very serious mistakes. go round (intr)

(a) = suffice (for a number of people): Will there be enough wine to go round?

(b) = go to his/her/your etc. house:

/ said that I'd go round and see her during the weekend, (go to her house)

go through (tr) = examine carefully (usually a number of things; go through is like look through but more thorough):

There is a mistake somewhere; we 'II have to go through the accounts and see where it is.

The police went through their files to see if they could find any fingerprints to match those that they had found on the handle of the weapon. go through (tr) = suffer, endure:

No one knows what I went through while I was waiting for the verdict, (how much I suffered)

go through with (tr) = finish, bring to a conclusion (usually in the face of some opposition or difficulty):

He went through with his plan although all his friends advised him to abandon it. go up (intr)

(a) = rise (of prices):

The price of strawberries went up towards the end of the season.

(b) = burst into flames (and be destroyed), explode (used of whole buildings, ships etc.):

When the fire reached the cargo of chemicals the whole ship went up.

(blew up)

Someone dropped a cigarette end into a can of petrol and the whole garage went up in flames.

go without (tr) = do without. (But it only applies to things. 'Go without a person' has only a literal meaning; i.e. it means 'start or make a journey without him'.)

Grow

grow out of (tr) = abandon, on becoming older, a childish (and often bad) habit:

He used to tell a lot of lies as a young boy but he grew out of that later on. grow up (intr) = become adult:

'I'm going to be a pop star when I grow up,' said the boy.

Hand

hand down (tr) = bequeath or pass on (traditions/information/ possessions):

This legend has been handed down from father to son. hand in (tr) = give by hand (to someone who need not be mentioned because the person spoken to knows already):

/ handed in my resignation, (gave it to my employer)

Someone handed this parcel in yesterday, (handed it in) hand out (tr) = distribute:

He was standing at the door of the theatre handing out leaflets.

(handing leaflets out/handing them out)

hand over (tr or intr) = surrender authority or responsibility to another:

The outgoing Minister handed over his department to his

successor, (handed his department over/handed it over) hand round (tr) = give or show to each person present:

The hostess handed round coffee and cakes, (handed them

round)

Hang

hang about/around (tr or intr) = loiter or wait (near):

He hung about/around the entrance all day, hoping for a chance to speak to the director. hang back (intr) = show unwillingness to act:

Everyone approved of the scheme but when we asked for volunteers

they all hung back. hang on to (tr) = retain, keep in one's possession (colloquial):

I'd hang on to that old coat if I were you. It might be useful.

Hold

hold off (intr) = keep at a distance, stay away (used of rain):

The rain fortunately held off till after the school sports day. hold on (intr) = wait (especially on the telephone):

Yes, Mr Pitt is in. If you hold on for a moment I'll get him for you. hold on/out (intr) = persist in spite of,

endure hardship or danger:

The survivors on the rock signalled that they were short of water but could hold out for another day.

The strikers held out for six weeks before agreeing to arbitration. hold up (tr)

(a) = stop by threats or violence (often in order to rob):

\ The terrorists held up the train and kept the passengers as hostages.

^' Masked men held up the cashier and robbed the bank, (held him up)

(b) = stop, delay (especially used in the passive):

The bus was held up because a tree had fallen across the road.

Join

join up (intr) = enlist in one of the armed services: When war was declared he joined up at once.

Jump

jump at (tr) = accept with enthusiasm (an offer or opportunity): He was offered a place in the Himalayan expedition and jumped at the chance.

Keep

keep somebody back (object before back) = restrain, hinder, prevent from advancing:

Frequent illnesses kept him back, (prevented him from making normal progress) keep down (tr) = repress, control:

What is the best way to keep down rats? (keep them down)

Try to remember to turn off the light when you leave the room. I am

trying to keep down expenses, (keep expenses down) keep off (tr or intr) = refrain from walking on, or from coming too close:

'Keep off the grass', (park notice) keep on = continue:

/ wanted to explain but he kept on talking and didn 't give me a chance to say anything. keep out (tr) = prevent from entering: My shoes are very old and don't keep out the water, (keep the water out/keep it out) keep out (intr) = stay outside:

'Private. Keep out.' (notice on door) keep up (tr) = maintain (an effort): He began walking at four miles an hour but he couldn't keep up that speed and soon began to walk more slowly, (he couldn 't keep it up)

It is difficult to keep up a conversation with someone who only says 'Yes' and 'No'.

keep up (intr), keep up with (tr) = remain abreast of someone who is advancing; advance at the same pace as:

A runner can't keep up with a cyclist.

The work that the class is doing is too difficult for me. I won't be able to keep up (with them).

It is impossible to keep up with the. news unless you read the newspapers.

Knock

knock off (tr or intr) = stop work for the day (colloquial): English workmen usually knock off at 5.30 or 6.00

p.m. We knock off work in time for tea.

knock out (tr) = hit someone so hard that he falls unconscious- In the finals of the boxing championship he knocked out his opponent, who was carried out of the ring, (knocked his opponent out/knocked him out) lay

lay in (tr) = provide oneself with a sufficient quantity (of stores etc.) to last for some time:

She expected a shortage of dried fruit so she laid in a large supply. lay out (tr) = plan gardens, building sites etc.:

Le Notre laid out the gardens at Versailles, (laid the gardens

out/laid them out) lay up (tr) = store carefully till needed again (used of ships, cars etc.):

Before he went to Brazil for a year, he laid up his car, as he didn't

want to sell it. (laid it up) be laid up (of a person) = be confined to bed through illness:

She was laid up for weeks with a slipped disk.

Lead

lead up to (tr) = prepare the way for, introduce (figuratively):

He wanted to borrow my binoculars, but he didn't say so at once. He led up to it by talking about bird watching.

Leave

leave off (usually intr) = stop (doing something):

He was playing his trumpet but I told him to leave off because the neighbours were complaining about the noise. leave out (tr) = omit: We'll sing our school song leaving out the last ten verses.

They gave each competitor a number; but they left out No. 13 as no

one wanted to have it. (left No. 13 out/left it out)

Let

let down (tr) = lower:

When she lets her hair down it reaches her waist, (lets down her hair/lets it down)

You can let a coat down (lengthen it) by using the hem. let someone down (object before down) = disappoint him by failing to ---- act as well as expected, or failing to fulfil an agreement:

I promised him that you would do the work. Why did you let me down by doing so little?

He said he'd come to help me; but he let me down. He never, turned up. let in (tr) = allow to enter, admit:

They let in the ticket-holders, (let the ticket-holders in/ let them in)

If you mention my name to the door-keeper he will let you in.

let someone off (object before off) = refrain from punishing:

/ thought that the magistrate was going to fine me but he let me off. (Compare with get off.) let out (tr)

(a) = make wider (of clothes):

That boy is getting fatter. You'll have to let out his clothes, (let his clothes out/let them out)

(b) = allow to leave, release:

He opened the door and let out the dog. (let the dog out/let it out)

Live

live down a bad reputation = live in such a manner that people will forget it:

He has never quite been able to live down a reputation for drinking

too much which he got when he was a young man. (live it down) live in (intr) = live in one's place of work (chiefly used of domestic servants):

ADVERTISEMENT: Cook wanted. £140 a week. Live in. live on (tr) = use as staple food:

It is said that for a certain period of his life Byron lived on vinegar and potatoes in order to keep thin.

live up to (tr) = maintain a certain standard-moral, economic or behavioural:

He had high ideals and tried to live up to them, (he tried to act in accordance with his ideals)

Lock

lock up a house (tr or intr; usually intr) = lock all doors: People usually lock up before they go to bed at night.

lock up a person or thing = put in a locked place, i.e. box, safe, prison:

She locked up the papers in her desk, (locked the papers up/locked them up)

Look

look after (tr) = take care of:

Will you look after my parrot when I am away? look ahead (intr) = consider the future so as to make provision for it:

It's time you looked ahead and made plans for your retirement. look at (tr) = regard:

He looked at the clock and said, 'It is midnight.' look back (intr), look back on (tr) = consider the past:

Looking back, I don't suppose we are any worse now than people were a hundred years ago.

Perhaps some day it will be pleasant to look back on these things.

look back/round (intr) = look behind (literally):

Don't look round now but the woman behind us is wearing the most extraordinary clothes. look for (tr) = search for, seek:

/ have lost my watch. Will you help me to look for it? look forward to (tr) = expect with pleasure (often used with gerund):

/ am looking forward to her arrival/to seeing her. look in (intr) = pay a short (often unannounced) visit (= call in):

/'// look in this evening to see how she is. look into (tr) = investigate:

There is a mystery about his death and the police are looking into it. look on... as (tr) = consider:

Most people look on a television set as an essential piece of furniture.

These children seem to look on their teachers as their enemies. look on (intr) = be a spectator only, not a participator:

Two men were fighting. The rest were looking on. look on (tr), look out on (tr) (used of windows and houses) = be facing:

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