Background information

PRACTICAL WORK 2

DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES COMPLEX ON NATURAL EMERGENCIES PREVENTION

Purpose of the work:

- to investigate basic mechanism, properties, size and frequency of the earthquake;

- to define basic characteristics and parameters of the earthquake;

- to learn methodology of earthquake effects estimation;

- to get to know the lightning effects on human activity;

- to identify the parameters of protection zone for different types of lightning conductors to protect residential area from thunderbolt.

Objectives:

- to assess a seismic hazard and an earthquake damage level of the building due to earthquake effects;

- to identify earthquake effects for residential area, to predict an earthquake behavior of structure and to estimate the probability of population losses;

- to provide some recommendations and measures to prevent the effects of earthquakes;

- to determine basic parameters (height and radius) of protection zone B for single, double rod and a cable lightning conductors.

Background information

Regardless of the origin source, natural disasters are characterized by significant scale and different periods of duration - from a few seconds and minutes (earthquakes, avalanches, tsunami) to several hours, days (landslides) and months (floods). Statistics asserts that the number of victims and the injured people could be much lower if people knew how to behave in certain dangerous situations.

A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth.

Natural disasters are classified into the following groups:

· Geophysical disaster is characterized by events originated from solid earth (earthquake, landslide, volcano and tsunami);

· Meteorological are events caused by small to meso scale atmospheric processes (storm);

· Hydrological are events caused by deviations in the normal water cycle and/or overflow of bodies of water caused by wind set-up (flood);

· Climatological are events caused by meso to macro scale processes (extreme temperature, drought, wildfire);

· Biological are disaster caused by the exposure of living organisms to germs and toxic substances (epidemic, insect infestation, animal stampede).

A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic damage in its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population's resilience, or ability to recover. In a vulnerable area, however, such as San Francisco and Nepal, an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting damage, requiring years to restore.

Dangerous natural phenomenon is a process that can lead to negative effects on a small territory and can cause the emergency situations of natural or anthropogenic origin.

This practical work will be devoted to getting knowledge and skills concerning estimation, prediction and prevention of typical natural disasters (earthquake, flood, landslide) for Ukraine and of natural phenomenon – lightning.

Basic terms: hazard, disaster, earthquake, losses of population, seismic energy, aseismic stability of building, lighting conductor.

References: [2.1] - [2.11].

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