Methodological guidelines for estimation of earthquake damage level of the residential building

Among natural disasters, due to their negative effects, earthquakes take a special place. Experts estimate economic damage from the earthquake in Ukraine is ten times higher than losses from other natural disasters.

The Earthquake is the force shacking (fluctuations) of the earth's crust induced by natural geological processes: the movement of tectonic plates, volcanic activity, landslides of underground voids, due to powerful underground and surface explosions, particularly during nuclear tests. An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

Depending on the cause and place of occurrence, earthquakes are divided into tectonic, volcanic, and landslide.

The earthquake origin and seismic activity distribution is schematically represented in Fig. 2.1. The earthquake is characterized by the following factors:

1. movement process of the Earth's tectonic plates, which leads to the internal elastic stresses and epicenter generation (Z₀);

2. distribution of surface and bodily seismic waves, which leads to stress in the lithosphere due to chain reaction of seismic activity Z ''.

This concept points to the manifestations of earthquake secondary effects in the territory of Ukraine and the adjacent area where the probability of seismic hazard is quite high.

Fig.2.1. Scheme of the earthquakes origin and seismic activity distribution

Thus, the main center of seismological control highlighted that earthquakes, which had arisen in the state and surrounding areas, caused direct seismic hazard for Ukraine during the period 2001 -2011, Fig. 2.2.

While most earthquakes are caused by movement of the Earth's tectonic plates, human activity can also produce earthquakes. Four main activities contribute to this phenomenon: storing large amounts of water behind a dam (possibly building, extremely heavy construction), drilling and injecting liquid into wells, and by coal mining and oil drilling.

Perhaps the best known example is the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China's Sichuan Province in May; this tremor resulted in 69,227 fatalities and is the 19th deadliest earthquake of all time. The Zipingpu Dam is believed to have fluctuated dut to the pressure of the fault 1,650 feet (503 m) away; this pressure probably increased the power of the earthquake and accelerated the rate of movement for the fault. The greatest earthquake in Australia's history is also claimed to be induced by humanity, through coal mining. The city of Newcastle was built over a large sector of coal mining areas. The earthquake has been reported to be spawned from a fault that reactivated due to the millions of tonnes of rock removed in the mining process.

Fig. 2.2. The map fragment of Ukraine with specified seismic focuses for the period 2001 - 2011: A – Romania, Vrancea Mountains; B – Black sea; C–Carpathian region; D – Dnipropetrovsk region; E–district of the city of Anapa, Russia

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